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Objective To assess the impact of family social support (FSS) on postpartum quality of life (PQOL). Methods This analytical cross-sectional study enrolled postpartum women and asked them to complete the PQOL and FSS questionnaire (FSSQ) between October 2021 and February 2022 in three urban health centres in Shiraz, Iran. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and multiple regression were used to determine the relationship between the FSS and PQOL variables. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the relationship pathways of the impact of FSS on PQOL. Results A total of 240 women were enrolled in the study. The mean ± SD scores of PQOL and FSSQ were 61.63 ± 9.59 and 69.80 ± 11.19, respectively. Family support seeking (7.95) and emotional support seeking (−6.80) were two factors affecting PQOL. Conclusion Women should be empowered to seek support through education and actions from health workers, especially nurses and midwives, during routine regular prenatal care.

Internet addiction among adolescents has emerged as a significant global health issue, contributing to social isolation, academic difficulties, and emotional disorders, with excessive use of social networks further intensifying these challenges. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an educational intervention grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in reducing Internet addiction and enhancing academic performance among adolescent girls in southern Iran. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 370 female students aged 15–16 years, selected through two-stage cluster random sampling and divided equally into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in a five-week TPB-based program, incorporating lectures, group discussions, and parent–teacher meetings, while the control group received unrelated health education. Data were collected using the Yang Internet Addiction Test (IAT), a TPB-based questionnaire, and academic performance scores (grade point average, GPA) before and after the intervention. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant improvements in attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions to reduce Internet use (p < 0.001). Internet addiction scores significantly declined, and GPA improved in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.950). The findings support TPB-based interventions as effective tools for reducing Internet addiction and improving academic outcomes among adolescents. This study was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20131014015015N18).

Purpose This review seeks to examine the current state of postpartum social support and psychosocial conditions among women around the world, as well as explore the relationship between these factors. Additionally, it aims to propose a logical framework for enhancing postpartum social support and psychosocial conditions in this population. Methods Following the development of a search strategy, two databases, PubMed and Science Direct, were searched for studies published between January 2019 and May 2023. The search was conducted throughout the entire month of May 2023. The risk of bias in the included cross-sectional studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, which was adapted for this specific study design. To determine if the main objective of the cross-sectional studies was to investigate the relationship between social support and postpartum psychosocial conditions, a review was conducted based on the AMSTAR checklist, PRISMA checklist and PRISMA flow diagram. Data extraction was performed with the consensus of two authors, and a narrative synthesis approach was chosen for data synthesis, following the guidelines provided by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Results Eleven cross-sectional studies were included in the final analysis. Our findings revealed that all reviewed studies provided evidence of a positive association between social support and healthy psychosocial conditions in postpartum period. However, due to the absence of standardized measurement indicators to identify and compare the outcomes of various studies, there was a need to develop a conceptual framework that could enhance our understanding of the postpartum psychosocial condition including anxiety, depression, unfavorable quality of life and social support status up to 24 month after child birth. This framework aimed to incorporate childbirth and motherhood as \"stressful events,\" while considering social support as a crucial \"coping resource.\" Furthermore, it acknowledged empowerment, help-seeking behavior, and peer support as important \"coping actions,\" alongside implementing client-centered interventions. Lastly, it recognized postpartum mental health and optimal quality of life as significant \"effects\" of these factors. Conclusions The proposed conceptual framework could define postpartum women’s health as “the ability to adapt and self-manage.”

Purpose This review seeks to examine the effectiveness of PRECEDE-PROCEED model- based interventions on women’s behaviors, health, quality of life and determinants during health challenges as well as associations between their constructs. Additionally, it aims to propose a logical framework for enhancing women’s behaviors, health, quality of life and determinants during health challenges. Methods In April 2025, three databases- PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct- were searched. The search included words in the Title, Abstract, and Keywords without any time limitations. The search was filtered by Clinical Trial or Randomized Clinical Trial for PubMed, Article for Scopus, and Research articles for Science Direct. Studies conducted among women that utilized an educational intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, were written in full-text English, and used validated quantitative health questionnaires were included in the analysis. Descriptive, cross-sectional designs as well as qualitative, longitudinal, or non-original studies were excluded from the review. The risk of bias in the included interventional studies was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) and the Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I tool) which were specifically adapted for these study designs. The main objective of the interventional studies was to investigate the effectiveness of PRECEDE-PROCEED model-based interventions on women’s behaviors, health, quality of life and determinants during health challenges. A review was conducted based on the AMSTAR checklist, PRISMA checklist and PRISMA flow diagram. Data extraction was performed with the consensus of two authors, and a narrative synthesis approach was chosen for data synthesis, following the guidelines provided by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Results Seven interventional studies were included in the final analysis. Our findings revealed that all reviewed studies provided evidence of the effectiveness of a PRECEDE-PROCEED- based intervention for improving women’s behaviors, health, quality of life and determinants during health challenges. However, due to the absence of standardized measurement indicators to identify and compare the outcomes of various studies, there is a need to develop a conceptual framework that could enhance our understanding of women’s health challenges including childbirth, postpartum, menopause and genital infections. This framework aims to incorporate knowledge and positive attitudes towards healthy behaviors and health-related challenging conditions, as well as self-efficacy as important “predisposing factors.” It also considers social support and supportive policies as crucial “reinforcing factors.” Furthermore, it acknowledges resources, skills, services and their cost as necessary “enabling factors.” Lastly, it recognizes healthy behaviors and a favorable environment as “impacts,” alongside improved health and optimal quality of life as significant “outcomes” of these factors. Conclusions The proposed conceptual framework could define a PRECEDE-PROCEED-based intervention as an effective “health education strategy” for addressing the most significant health challenges facing women.

Mindful self-care is a valuable activity that contributes to old people’s independence and self-control and its development is in line with the duties of social workers. This study aimed to validate the mindful self-care scale (MSCS) for Iranian old people and was performed on old people living in the community of Shiraz, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on old people living in the community who met the inclusion criteria in Shiraz, Iran. After linguistic validation of the Persian version of MSCS with 36 items, face, and content validity were determined. Then the first part of construct validity was conducted using a kurtosis test, and exploratory factor analysis with the first sample (n = 250). After selecting the appropriate items, confirmatory factor analysis was assessed with the second sample (n = 250). Scale reliability was also evaluated. The optimal cut-off points were obtained by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). SPSS version 23 was used for further data analysis, while confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using AMOS version 24. Exploratory factor analysis loaded only 24 items with four factors. The modified second-order confirmatory factor analysis model displayed a good fit (RMSEA = 0.04; CFI = 0.90; GFI = 0.90). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of MSCS with 24 items was .94. The cut-off points were 38, 11, 23, and 17 for factors of resilience, goal achievement, supportive relationship, and self-care respectively, and 90 for the whole instrument. The study found that the MSCS short form with 24 items is valid and reliable in the Iranian elderly population, making it an effective tool for mental self-care screening and a practical tool for social workers. However, the study recommends repeating the study in other cities of Iran to generalize the findings.

The cumulative effects of adversity and unhappiness affect life satisfaction and quality of life in the growing older adult population. Most of the interventions aimed at improving the health and quality of life of older adults have adopted a problem-oriented or weakness-focused approach. However, a positive or strengths-focused approach can also have a virtuous but more effective capacity to contribute to the well-being and life satisfaction of older adults. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of positive thinking training on improving resilience and life satisfaction among older adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 100 older adults with simple random sampling. The intervention group received 90-min weekly sessions for eight weeks on positive thinking training through written homework for reflection, group discussion, and media. The data were collected using Ingram and Wisnicki Positive Thinking Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Tobin Life Satisfaction Questionnaire at baseline and one week and two months after the training. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software 26. P values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Positive thinking training led to better thinking ( p  < 0.001), higher resilience ( p  < 0.001), and greater life satisfaction ( p  < 0.001). The study's findings showed the effectiveness of the positive thinking training approach in improving resilience and life satisfaction in older adults. It is recommended to evaluate the long-term outcome in populations with different social, economic, and cultural statuses in future studies.

Background Menopausal women should learn self-care practices to enjoy a healthy lifestyle, positive health behaviors, and health status. In addition, the lack of self-care knowledge can lead to unhealthy attitudes and lifestyles, resulting in many complications. Improved self-care knowledge can foster positive attitudes, leading to healthier lifestyles as a beneficial cycle. However, menopausal women have limited knowledge about self-care and evaluation tools. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and investigate the validity and reliability of the Women’s Self-care Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire (WSKAQ) in Iranian menopausal women. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 249 menopausal women, aged between 45 and 65 years and at least one year post-menopause, with a minimum literacy level of elementary education. Validation properties included construct validity, exploratory (EFA), and discriminant validity. Reliability was further established through Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s Omega. PASS 15 and SPSS 27 software were used to select centers, calculate sample size and analyze the data, respectively. Results The initial stage of construct validity involved the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and EFA, resulting in a 6-item self-care knowledge subscale, 47.29% of the total data variance, and 7-item self-care attitude subscale, 55.50% of the total data variance. Independent t-test indicated that menopausal women with education level equal to or higher than diploma have significantly higher self-care attitude scores than those with lower than diploma ( p  = 0.007). Additionally, significant correlations were observed between self-care knowledge and attitude (r:0.30). Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s Omega coefficients of the 13-item WSKAQ were 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results, the WSKAQ, consisting of 13 items, was validated and reliable for assessing the self-care knowledge and attitude of Iranian menopausal women.

The current study aimed to assess the impact of combined interventions including mindfulness and self-regulation on self-neglect and self-regulation among Iranian older adults with type 2 diabetes. This was a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial study conducted among 135 older diabetic patients in Shiraz, Iran. Three urban healthcare centers (clusters) were randomly assigned to three study groups. The intervention groups received either a Self-Regulation-based Intervention Program (SRIP) or a Combined Mindfulness and Self-Regulation Intervention Program (CMSRIP), while the control group received routine care and COVID-19 prevention training. These training programs, which consisted of text and video-based content, were conducted over 24 weeks using WhatsApp as a mobile-based communication platform. Outcomes were measured using the Elder Self-Neglect Scale and Short-Form Self-Regulation Questionnaire at baseline, week 4, and week 16 post-intervention, with data analysis conducted using SPSS 20 software. The CMSRIP led to significantly greater improvement in the score of self-regulation (χ 2  = 73.23, P -Value =  < .001) and a reduction in the score of self-neglect (χ 2  = 62.97, P -Value =  < .001) at both 4 weeks and 16 weeks after education compared to SRIP. In the control group, there was also a slight improvement. Improvement of self-regulation and reduction of self-neglect in all three groups were less in week 16 than in week 4. Nevertheless, the changes in the intervention groups were significantly better than the control group. This study confirmed a combination of mindfulness-based intervention and self-regulation intervention can effectively improve self-neglect and self-regulation behavior in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Trial registration: This trial (ISRCTN77260130) was retrospectively registered on 28/09/2021.

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a stress management educational intervention programme based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC) among industrial workers. Participants were 106 employees of a power plant in Iran, randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention comprised active and participatory methods to enhance employees coping skills and it was delivered in six face-to-face sessions. Data was collected using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale at baseline and three months after the intervention. We found mean scores of distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, escape-avoidance, planned problem-solving, positive reappraisal, total coping skills, perceived social support, and spiritual well-being significantly differed at follow-up compared to baseline in the intervention group, but not in the control group. There was also a significant difference in the mean score of perceived stress between the two groups. We conclude that the educational intervention based on the TMSC was effective in improving coping skills and reducing perceived stress. We suggest that interventions based on the TMSC model can be supportive in workplaces where job stress is common.

Background Retirement is a major life transition that introduces various bio-psycho-socio-spiritual challenges, requiring individuals to adapt to new financial, social, and existential realities. While previous studies have examined specific aspects of retirees’ needs, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing retirement adjustment remains limited. This study explores retirees’ needs and determinants of adjustment using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model as a guiding framework. Methods This qualitative study employed a directed qualitative content analysis approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 42 key informants. Data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis framework, identifying key themes and categories. Results A total of 152 codes were categorized into Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model levels. At the microsystem level, retirees focus on financial stability, health, and social well-being. The mesosystem highlighted the role of family, social groups, and community support. The exosystem involved institutions such as retirement offices, healthcare providers, and media in shaping retirees’ experiences. The macrosystem reflected societal norms, economic policies, and cultural expectations influencing adjustment. Finally, the chronosystem captured the impact of life transitions, technological changes, and evolving social roles on long-term adaptation. Conclusions Few studies using ecological systems theories, such as Bronfenbrenner’s model, have explored the interrelationships of determinants at different levels to improve retirees’ health, likely due to gaps in understanding the context and methodological approaches. This study paves the way for more systematic and operational research based on an ecological approach by examining the determinants of retirement adjustment and their interrelated relationships across levels.