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IntroductionAntipsychotic drugs are known to reduce the seizure threshold. clozapine, a second-generation antipsychotic is most associated with causing convulsions.Case reportA 70-year old gentleman with a diagnosis of Paranoid Schizophrenia had been stable on a daily dose of clozapine 150 mg. The patient wished to stop clozapine for a number of reasons. His clozapine was stopped and he was titrated on to risperidone 3 mg daily. Two weeks after being on risperidone monotherapy the patient attended the emergency department following a fall. Within the department he had two witnessed seizures. Following normal investigations a diagnosis of risperidone induced seizures was made and the medication stopped.DiscussionThe incidence of seizures in non-epileptic patients attributed to the use of risperidone has been reported as 0.3%. The mechanism is unclear but it is interesting to note that a moderate risk of EEG abnormalities has been associated with it. Other risk factors such as old age and hypertension can also influence EEG changes. In contrast seizures with clozapine are dose-dependent (5% at doses above 600 mg/day) and associated with rapid titration. These effects are consistent with the process of kindling.ConclusionA reminder that all antipsychotics can cause seizures. Clozapine is most commonly associated but has specific risk factors. Consideration of patient specific pro-convulsive factors is required before prescribing antipsychotics.

Organic fluoronium ions can be described as positively charged molecules in which the most electronegative and least polarizable element fluorine engages in two partially covalent bonding interactions to two carbon centers. While recent solvolysis experiments and NMR spectroscopic studies on a metastable [C–F–C] + fluoronium ion strongly support the divalent fluoronium structure over the alternative rapidly equilibrating classical carbocation, the model system has, to date, eluded crystallographic analysis to confirm this phenomenon in the solid state. Herein, we report the single crystal structure of a symmetrical [C–F–C] + fluoronium cation. Besides its synthesis and crystallographic characterization as the [Sb 2 F 11 ] − salt, vibrational spectra are discussed and a detailed analysis concerning the nature of the bonding situation in this fluoronium ion and its heavier halonium homologues is performed, which provides detailed insights on this molecular structure. Unlike other halogen atoms, the ability for fluorine to exist in a [C–X–C] + connectivity pattern has only been shown in spectroscopic studies. Here the authors present a single crystal structure of a fluoronium cation, characterized by X-ray diffraction.

Aims: Bipolar depression remains a major therapeutic challenge, particularly in elderly populations where treatment options are constrained by comorbidities and medication tolerability. Despite pharmacological advancements, many patients experience persistent depressive symptoms, even after multiple trials of mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Lithium, while effective, is associated with nephrotoxicity, limiting its use in the elderly. Modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting agent primarily used for narcolepsy, has emerged as a potential adjunctive treatment for treatment-resistant bipolar depression (TRBD). Its broad neurochemical effects, targeting multiple pathways, suggest promise in addressing refractory mood symptoms. However, its role in elderly patients remains underexplored. Methods: We report the case of a 74-year-old Caucasian male with a long-standing history of bipolar disorder and multiple comorbidities, including hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, cerebellar ataxia, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). His psychiatric symptoms began in 1995 with depression, progressing to a bipolar diagnosis after a manic episode in 1997. Initial treatment with lithium and venlafaxine stabilized his mood for several years. However, lithium was discontinued after nine years due to worsening renal function, leading to recurrent depressive episodes characterized by anhedonia, hypersomnia, and cognitive decline. Multiple pharmacological trials, including olanzapine, lamotrigine, fluoxetine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and lurasidone, failed to achieve symptom remission. A retrial of lithium proved ineffective and was discontinued due to further renal deterioration. Given the lack of effective options, modafinil was introduced which improved his Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from 29/60 to 6/60, reflecting enhanced mood, motivation, and wakefulness without adverse effects. Results: TRBD in the elderly is complicated by age-related pharmacokinetic changes, comorbidities, and sensitivity to side effects. Standard mood stabilizers like lithium are often contraindicated due to nephrotoxicity, while atypical antipsychotics can introduce metabolic or cognitive risks. Modafinil’s unique neurochemical profile offers a novel approach to addressing treatment-resistant symptoms. While concerns regarding potential side effects, such as cardiovascular risks or mania induction exist, recent studies suggest modafinil is generally well-tolerated with minimal mood switch. This supports emerging evidence that modafinil may serve as an effective adjunctive therapy in TRBD, particularly when conventional treatments are limited. Conclusion: This case highlights the successful use of modafinil as an adjunctive treatment in an elderly patient with TRBD. The patient’s significant improvement in depressive symptoms and overall functionality, without adverse effects, suggests that modafinil may be a viable option for elderly patients unresponsive to conventional therapies. However, further research, including randomized controlled trials, is needed to establish clear guidelines for its use.

This research focuses on the detection of deepfake images and videos for forensic analysis using deep learning techniques. It highlights the importance of preserving privacy and authenticity in digital media. The background of the study emphasizes the growing threat of deepfakes, which pose significant challenges in various domains, including social media, politics, and entertainment. Current methodologies primarily rely on visual features that are specific to the dataset and fail to generalize well across varying manipulation techniques. However, these techniques focus on either spatial or temporal features individually and lack robustness in handling complex deepfake artifacts that involve fused facial regions such as eyes, nose, and mouth. Key approaches include the use of CNNs, RNNs, and hybrid models like CNN-LSTM, CNN-GRU, and temporal convolutional networks (TCNs) to capture both spatial and temporal features during the detection of deepfake videos and images. The research incorporates data augmentation with GANs to enhance model performance and proposes an innovative fusion of artifact inspection and facial landmark detection for improved accuracy. The experimental results show near-perfect detection accuracy across diverse datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of these models. However, challenges remain, such as the difficulty of detecting deepfakes in compressed video formats, the need for handling noise and addressing dataset imbalances. The research presents an enhanced hybrid model that improves detection accuracy while maintaining performance across various datasets. Future work includes improving model generalization to detect emerging deepfake techniques better. The experimental results reveal a near-perfect accuracy of over 99% across different architectures, highlighting their effectiveness in forensic investigations.

Climatic variables are important conditions for plant growth, development and reproduction. Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle (Rutaceae: Citrus ) is one of the traditional bulk Chinese medicinal materials in China with the effects of bacteriostasis, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer cells, regulating the immun. Analyzing the impact of climate change on geographical distribution of C . medica L. var. sarcodactylis can provide strong support for its production layout and agricultural zoning. In our paper, MaxEnt and ArcGIS were applied to simulate the suitable areas of C . medica L. var. sarcodactylis in China from the perspectives of bioclimate, soil, topographic factors and human activities, and the future climate scenarios generated by global climate models (GCMs) were selected to predict its suitable areas in 2050s and 2090s. Results showed that, 1) Under current climate condition, areas of the total, most, moderately and poorly suitable habitats of C . medica L. var. sarcodactylis in China were 177.36×10 4 km 2 , 22.27×10 4 km 2 , 51.96×10 4 km 2 and 103.13×10 4 km 2 respectively. The range of the most suitable habitat was the narrowest, which was located in the middle east of Sichuan, western Chongqing in the upstream of the Yangtze River Basin, southern Guizhou and western Guangxi in the upstream of the Pearl River Basin, central and southern Yunnan and Southeast Tibet in the Middle-Lower reaches of the Southwest River Basin and western Taiwan. 2) Under the future climate change scenarios, the total suitable area showed a significant increase trend in 2090s, and the change of most, moderately and poorly suitable habitats showed no obvious law. 3) Under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the centroid of the most suitable habitat of C . medica L. var. sarcodactylis would move to the northwest, southeast and southwest respectively.

PurposeThis article explores the migration intentions (MIs) embedded in population movements from rural to urban areas in Bangladesh. In this country, urban-centric development policies have made cities epicentres of commerce and industrialisation, offering significant employment and livelihood opportunities. This rapid transformation has generated several socio-psychological factors that are influencing the willingness of rural populations to migrate to cities for better jobs, lifestyles and services.Design/methodology/approachThe present study adopted the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a conceptual model to assess the behavioural and psychological factors underlying MIs.FindingsThe results of the structural equation modelling (SEM) indicate that MIs are mainly influenced by subjective norms (SN) and, to a lesser extent, attitudes towards migration (ATM) and perceived behavioural control (PBC).Originality/valueThe analysis drew on an original dataset built through interviews with migrants from rural areas employed in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in four selective areas of the Metropolitan City of Chittagong.

This article presents an optimal tracking controller retrofitted with a nonlinear adaptive integral compensator, specifically designed to ensure robust and accurate positioning of Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that utilize contra-rotating motorized propellers for differential thrust generation. The baseline position controller is synthesized by employing a fixed-gain Linear Quadratic Integral (LQI) tracking controller that stabilizes position by tracking both state variations and pitch-axis tracking error integral, which adjusts the voltage to control each coaxial propeller’s speed accurately. Additionally, the baseline tracking control law is supplemented with a rate-varying integral compensator. It operates as a nonlinear scaling function of the tracking-error velocity and the braking acceleration to enhance the accuracy of reference tracking without sacrificing its robustness against exogenous disruptions. The controller’s performance is analyzed by performing experiments on a tailored hardware-in-the-loop aero-pendulum testbed, which is representative of VTOL UAV dynamics. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements over the nominal LQI tracking controller, achieving 17.9%, 61.6%, 83.4%, 43.7%, 35.8%, and 6.8% enhancement in root mean squared error, settling time, overshoot during start-up, overshoot under impulsive disturbance, disturbance recovery time, and control energy expenditure, respectively, underscoring the controller’s effectiveness for potential UAV and drone applications under exogenous disturbances.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that is present commonly in soil and water and is responsible for causing septic shock, pneumonia, urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections, etc. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenomenon has increased dramatically in past years and is now considered a major threat globally, so there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to overcome drug resistance by P. aeruginosa. In P. aeruginosa, a major factor of drug resistance is associated to the formation of biofilms by the LasR enzyme, which regulates quorum sensing and has been reported as a new therapeutic target for designing novel antibacterial molecules. In this study, virtual screening and molecular docking were performed against the ligand binding domain (LBD) of LasR by employing a pharmacophore hypothesis for the screening of 2373 FDA-approved compounds to filter top-scoring hit compounds. Six inhibitors out of 2373 compounds were found to have binding affinities close to that of known LasR inhibitors. The binding modes of these compounds to the binding site in LasR-LBD were analyzed to identify the key interactions that contribute to the inhibition of LasR activity. Then, 50 ns simulations of top hit compounds were performed to elucidate the stability of their binding conformations with the LasR-LBD. This study, thus concluded that sulfamerazine showed the highest binding affinity for the LasR-LBD binding pocket exhibiting strong inhibitory binding interactions during molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.

The present study aimed to work out a peptide-based multi-epitope vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We predicted different B-cell and T-cell epitopes by using the Immune Epitopes Database (IEDB). Homology modeling of the construct was done using SWISS-MODEL and then docked with different toll-like-receptors (TLR4, TLR7, and TLR8) using PatchDock, HADDOCK, and FireDock, respectively. From the overlapped epitopes, we designed five vaccine constructs C1–C5. Based on antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, different physiochemical properties, and molecular docking scores, we selected the vaccine construct 1 (C1) for further processing. Docking of C1 with TLR4, TLR7, and TLR8 showed striking interactions with global binding energy of −43.48, −65.88, and −60.24 Kcal/mol, respectively. The docked complex was further simulated, which revealed that both molecules remain stable with minimum RMSF. Activation of TLRs induces downstream pathways to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines against viruses and immune system simulation shows enhanced antibody production after the booster dose. In conclusion, C1 was the best vaccine candidate among all designed constructs to elicit an immune response SARS-CoV-2 and combat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Developing heat tolerant rice varieties is imperative for safeguarding global food security against climate change. This study establishes the heat shock protein HSP70 as a key molecular biomarker for heat tolerance by linking its expression dynamics to physiological and agronomic resilience. We evaluated four rice cultivars under heat stress (40 ± 2 °C) by analyzing relative membrane permeability (RMP), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and malondialdehyde (MDA) to assess membrane thermostability and oxidative damage, alongside spikelet fertility as a yield component. A novel, integrative metric the Heat Tolerance Coefficient (HTC) was developed to quantify resilience based on fertility retention under stress. Our results revealed profound genotypic variation. The heat tolerant cultivars (K-95, IR-6) exhibited robust, early induction of HSP70, which correlated strongly with superior membrane stability (RMP < 35%), minimal oxidative damage (H 2 O 2 ~ 30–34 µM/g FW; MDA ≤ 0.6 µM/g FW), and high spikelet fertility retention (82%), resulting in a high HTC (up to 91). In contrast, sensitive cultivars (DR-92, DR-83) showed delayed HSP70 expression, culminating in severe membrane damage (RMP >64%), significant oxidative stress, and a drastic decline in fertility (to 60%), reflected by a low HTC (as low as 65). The HTC effectively integrates molecular, physiological, and agronomic data into a single powerful index for selection. We conclude that early and sustained HSP70 expression is a hallmark of heat tolerance and propose that the HTC provides a robust, practical framework for accelerating the breeding of climate-resilient rice.