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A bstract For studying small- x gluon saturation in forward dijet production in high-energy dilute-dense collisions, the improved TMD (ITMD) factorization formula was recently proposed. In the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) framework, it represents the leading term of an expansion in inverse powers of the hard scale. It contains the leading-twist TMD factorization formula relevant for small gluon’s transverse momentum k t , but also incorporates an all-order resummation of kinematical twists, resulting in a proper matching to high-energy factorization at large k t . In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of the ITMD formula quantitatively, for the case of quark dijet production in high-energy proton-proton( p + p ) and proton-nucleus ( p + A ) collisions at LHC energies. We do so by comparing the quark-antiquark azimuthal angle ∆ ϕ distribution to that obtained with the CGC formula. For a dijet with each quark momentum p t much larger than the target saturation scale, Q s , the ITMD formula is a good approximation to the CGC formula in a wide range of azimuthal angle. It becomes less accurate as the jet p t ’s are lowered, as expected, due to the presence of genuine higher-twists contributions in the CGC framework, which represent multi-body scattering effects absent in the ITMD formula. We find that, as the hard jet momenta are lowered, the accuracy of ITMD start by deteriorating at small angles, in the high-energy-factorization regime, while in the TMD regime near ∆ ϕ = π , very low values of p t are needed to see differences between the CGC and the ITMD formula. In addition, the genuine twists corrections to ITMD become visible for higher values of p t in p + A collisions, compared to p + p collisions, signaling that they are enhanced by the target saturation scale.

Objectives: Limited empirical data are available regarding the safety of self-employed workers in Japan. This study investigated the associations between working hours, income, and work-related injuries among freelancers.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from an internet survey conducted in 2022. Self-employed individuals who did not work as employees or earn an income from their employment were recruited. Work-related injuries, working hours, and annual income were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of injury were estimated using modified Poisson regression models, while controlling for covariates. Additionally, PRs were analyzed for each stratum of working hours and income levels.Results: In total, 1856 freelancers met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. Among them, 222 (12.0%) experienced at least 1 work-related injury. A significantly higher risk of injury was observed among those working long hours (≥60 h/wk: PR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.16-2.34; P = .005) and those in the second-lowest income bracket (¥2 to <¥4 million: PR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.05-1.94; P = .024). Furthermore, several strata exhibited significantly higher PRs, particularly among workers with high incomes who also worked long hours (≥60 h/wk).Conclusions: Long working hours, particularly exceeding 60 h/wk, are associated with a significantly higher risk of work-related injuries among freelancers. Additionally, 2 high-risk groups were identified based on the combination of working hours and income levels: those with relatively low incomes, and high-income earners who also worked extended hours.

A bstract Results are presented for the medium-induced, soft coherent radiation spectrum for all 2 → 2 partonic channels in QCD, at leading-order in α s but beyond leading logarithmic accuracy. The general formula is valid in the full kinematic range of the underlying process, and reduces to previous results in special cases. The soft gluon radiation spectrum is expressed in terms of the color density matrix specific to each channel, quantifying the entanglement between the color components of the 2 → 2 production amplitude. Beyond the leading logarithm, the spectrum depends explicitly on the off-diagonal elements of this matrix, owing to the soft gluon’s ability to probe the internal color structure of the parton pair.

Objectives Gratitude intervention, which requires participants to engage regularly in brief activities designed to cultivate a sense of gratefulness, is known as one of the most effective positive psychological interventions. Although numerous meta‐analyses and systematic reviews have been conducted on gratitude intervention, no studies have focused on the working population. This study aimed to systematically summarize the effectiveness of gratitude interventions on workers' mental health and well‐being. Methods Systematic search was conducted in February 2021 using five databases. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials implementing gratitude activities among healthy workers and measuring mental health or well‐being indicators and original articles or thesis in English. Results Nine out of 1957 articles met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies adopted gratitude list interventions, showing a significant improvement in perceived stress and depression; however, the effects on well‐being were inconsistent. Interventions with gratitude list four times or less did not report significant changes in any outcomes. Conclusions Most gratitude interventions incorporated a gratitude list, and some studies included gratitude activities as a part of the combined program. On the other hand, no studies focused on only behavioral gratitude expression among workers. Gratitude interventions might be effective in improving mental health, but their effects on well‐being remain unclear. The total number of gratitude lists and reflections might influence the effect on mental health and well‐being; however, due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, further studies are needed.

Most studies report a positive relationship of work engagement with health and job performance, but, occasionally, a \"dark side of engagement\" has also been uncovered. The current study examined two hypotheses: whether work engagement has (1) a U-shaped curvilinear relation with psychological distress and (2) an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relation with job performance (i.e., in-role performance and creative behavior). A two-wave longitudinal Internet survey with a time lag of seven months was conducted among 1,967 Japanese employees. To test our hypotheses, we used a two-wave panel design and examined the lagged and concurrent relations between work engagement and both outcomes. The results confirmed that work engagement had a curvilinear relation with psychological distress concurrently; a favorable effect was found initially, but this disappeared at intermediate levels of work engagement, and, at higher levels, an adverse effect became prominent. In addition, work engagement had a curvilinear relation with in-role performance both concurrently and longitudinally; the higher the levels of work engagement, the stronger the favorable effects on in-role performance. However, contrary to our expectations, work engagement had a linear relation with psychological distress longitudinally and with creative behavior both concurrently and longitudinally. Hence, our results suggest that work engagement plays a different role in health enhancement compared to performance enhancement. Leveling-off and adverse effects of high work engagement were observed for psychological distress in the short and not in a long run. In contrast, no leveling-off effect of high work engagement was observed for job performance. Thus, except for the short-term effect on psychological distress, no dark side of work engagement was observed for psychological distress and job performance.

Background Although sedentary behavior is associated with the onset of major depressive disorder, it remains unclear whether sedentary behavior at work increases the risk of depression. The present study used the Bayesian approach to investigate the association between sitting time at work and the onset of major depressive episode (MDE). Methods A 1-year prospective cohort study was conducted among 233 Japanese workers without MDE (response rate: 4.3%). MDE onset was assessed using the self-reported WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0. A Bayesian Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) between long sitting time at work and MDE onset. Results A total of 231 workers were included in the analysis. During the follow-up, 1621 person-months were observed, and six participants experienced MDE onset. Incident rates per months were 0.34, 0.11, and 1.02% in short (< 7.2 h per day), medium (7.2–9.5 h), and long (9.5+ h) sitting time at work, respectively. The estimated median posterior probability distribution of the HR of long sitting time was 3.00 (95% highest density interval [HDI]: 0.73–12.03). The estimated median remained positive after adjustment for physical activity level and other covariates (HR = 2.11, 95% HDI: 0.42–10.22). The 10-base Bayesian factor for H1 (HR = 1.00) compared with the alternatives (H0, HR = 1.00) was 0.68 in the adjusted model. The analysis, which treated sitting time at work as a continuous variable, estimated that the median of the posterior probability distribution of the HR of sitting time was 0.79 (95% HDI: 0.58–1.07. The 10-base Bayesian factor was 2.73 in the linear association. Conclusions Long sitting time at work (9.5+ h per day) might be associated with MDE onset among workers. However, the linear association indicated conflicting results. Non-linear associations between sitting time and MDE onset might explain this inconsistency. The evidence for an adverse association between sitting time at work and MDE onset remains inconclusive.

The study aimed to examine the association of expanded adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with psychological distress in adulthood. The data from nation-wide online cohort was used for analysis. Community dwelling adults in Japan were included. The ACEs was assessed by 15 items of ACE-J, including childhood poverty and school bullying. Severe psychological distress was determined as the score of Kessler 6 over 13. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, by using sample weighting. A total of 28,617 participants were analyzed. About 75% of Japanese people had one or more ACEs. The prevalence of those with ACEs over 4 was 14.7%. Those with ACEs over 4 showed adjusted odds ratio = 8.18 [95% CI 7.14–9.38] for severe psychological distress. The prevalence of childhood poverty was 29% for 50–64 year old participants and 40% of 65 or older participants. The impact of childhood poverty on psychological distress was less than other ACEs in these age cohorts. Bullying was experienced 21–27% in young generations, but 10% in 65 or older participants. However, the impact on psychological distress in adulthood was relatively high in all age groups. ACEs have impacted mental health for a long time. Future research and practice to reduce ACEs are encouraged.

ObjectiveTo compare the risks of postendoscopy outcomes associated with warfarin with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), taking into account heparin bridging and various types of endoscopic procedures.DesignUsing the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we identified 16 977 patients who underwent 13 types of high-risk endoscopic procedures and took preoperative warfarin or DOACs from 2014 to 2015. One-to-one propensity score matching was performed to compare postendoscopy GI bleeding and thromboembolism between the warfarin and DOAC groups.ResultsIn the propensity score-matched analysis involving 5046 pairs, the warfarin group had a significantly higher proportion of GI bleeding than the DOAC group (12.0% vs 9.9%; p=0.002). No significant difference was observed in thromboembolism (5.4% vs 4.7%) or in-hospital mortality (5.4% vs 4.7%). The risks of GI bleeding and thromboembolism were greater in patients treated with warfarin plus heparin bridging or DOACs plus bridging than in patients treated with DOACs alone. Compared with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection, endoscopic mucosal resection and haemostatic procedures including endoscopic variceal ligation or endoscopic injection sclerotherapy were at the highest risk of GI bleeding among the 13 types of endoscopic procedures, whereas those who underwent lower polypectomy endoscopic sphincterotomy or endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration were at moderate risk.ConclusionThe risk of postendoscopy GI bleeding was higher in warfarin than DOAC users. Heparin bridging was associated with an increased risk of bleeding and did not prevent thromboembolism. The bleeding risk varied by the type of endoscopic procedure.

Background Napping during night shifts is a countermeasure against fatigue and sleepiness, which both impact patient safety. However, there is insufficient evidence on how nurses nap, especially concerning their napping quality. This study explored night-shift napping and its associated factors among nurses, considering napping quantity and quality, to mitigate fatigue and sleepiness. Methods This month-long prospective observational study included 32 nurses working 16-h night shifts in a general ward. All nurses responded to questions on individual factors, while fatigue and sleepiness were checked four times during night shifts. Night-shift napping was measured using a wearable device and classified into six groups: time in bed [TIB] > 180 min and sleep efficiency [SE] ≥ 70%, TIB > 180 min and SE < 70%, TIB 120–180 min and SE ≥ 70%, TIB 120–180 min and SE < 70%, TIB < 120 min and SE ≥ 70%, and TIB < 120 min and SE < 70%. Results Most nurses (81.2%) worked four night shifts per month, and 105 night shifts in which nurses intended to nap were analyzed. The two nap conditions (TIB 120–180 min and SE ≥ 70%, TIB > 180 min and SE ≥ 70%) were not worse than other nap conditions in fatigue and sleepiness at the end of the night shift and change in fatigue from the start to the end of the night shift. Sleep reactivity, pre-nap time on electronic devices, and prophylactic naps taken before the night shift were each the common factors related to napping for TIB ≥ 120 min and SE ≥ 70%. Conclusions Nurses working long night shifts should consider both sufficient napping quantity and good napping quality. We suggest aiming for a TIB of at least 120 min and a SE of at least 70% to mitigate fatigue and sleepiness at the end of a night shift. Assessing sleep reactivity, pre-nap time on electronic devices, and prophylactic naps may be useful in achieving both quantity and quality effectively. Nurses and their managers should have a better understanding of napping and consider strategically taking naps during night shifts.