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Bamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae, Poaceae) ranks among the fastest-growing plants on Earth, achieving up to 1 m day−1, significantly faster than other fast growing woody plant such as Eucalyptus (up to 0.6 m day−1) and Populus (up to 0.5 m day−1). Native to Asia, South America and Africa, and cultivated on approximately 37 million ha worldwide, bamboo delivers multifaceted environmental, social, and economic benefits. Historically central to construction, handicrafts, paper and cuisine, bamboo has evolved into a high-value cash crop and green innovation platform. Its rapid renewability allows multiple harvests of young shoots in fast-growing species such as Phyllostachys edulis and Dendrocalamus asper. Its high tensile strength, flexibility, and ecological adaptability make it suitable for applications in bioenergy (bioethanol, biogas, biochar), advanced materials (engineered composites, textiles, activated carbon), and biotechnology (fermentable sugars, prebiotics, biochemicals). Bamboo shoots and leaves provide essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive compounds with documented health and pharmaceutical potential. With a global market value exceeding USD 41 billion, bamboo demand continues to grow in response to the call for sustainable materials. Ecologically, bamboo sequesters up to 259 t C ha−1, stabilizes soil, enhances agroforestry systems and enables phytoremediation of degraded lands. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including species- and age-dependent mechanical variability; vulnerability to decay and pests; flammability; lack of standardized harvesting and engineering codes; and environmental impacts of certain processing methods. This review traces bamboo’s trajectory from a traditional resource to a strategic bioresource aligned with Industry 5.0, underscores its role in low-emission, circular bioeconomies and identifies pathways for optimized cultivation, green processing technologies and integration into carbon-credit frameworks. By addressing these challenges through innovation and policy support, bamboo can underpin resilient, human-centric economies and drive sustainable development.

Internode elongation in Poaceae plants significantly influences stem development and grain yield. Gibberellin (GA), a key hormone, regulates this elongation and overall development. In cereal members of Poaceae, such as rice and wheat, the application of dwarfing genes involved in GA metabolism or signaling pathways during the Green Revolution led to increased grain yield, underscoring GA’s importance in plant breeding. Although bamboo was not a part of this historical context, optimizing its growth requires an understanding of GA-mediated internode elongation control. This review systematically elucidates the molecular framework of GA-regulated internode elongation in Poaceae, with a specific focus on bamboo. It examines GA’s biosynthetic pathway, metabolic regulation, and signal transduction mechanisms. The review also discusses how GA interacts with other hormone pathways to regulate internode growth and suggests future research directions. Finally, this review provides a reference for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind GA-regulated bamboo internode growth and its potential application in bamboo breeding.