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Data collection using Internet-based samples has become increasingly popular in many social science disciplines, including advertising. This research examines whether one popular Internet data source, Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), is an appropriate substitute for other popular samples utilized in advertising research. Specifically, a five-sample between-subjects experiment was conducted to help researchers who utilize MTurk in advertising experiments understand the strengths and weaknesses of MTurk relative to student samples and professional panels. In comparisons across five samples, results show that the MTurk data outperformed panel data procured from two separate professional marketing research companies across various measures of data quality. The MTurk data were also compared to two different student samples, and results show the data were at least comparable in quality. While researchers may consider MTurk samples as a viable alternative to student samples when testing theory-driven outcomes, precautions should be taken to ensure the quality of data regardless of the source. Best practices for ensuring data quality are offered for advertising researchers who utilize MTurk for data collection.

Consumers of packaged goods products in the United States recently have faced an onslaught of front-of-package (FOP) nutrition symbols and icons, including the controversial \"Smart Choices\" single summary indicator. In a between-subjects experiment with 520 adult consumers, the authors compare effects of the Smart Choices (SC) icon, the more complex Traffic Light—Guideline Daily Amounts (TL-GDAs) icon, and a no-FOP icon control for a nutritionally moderate food that qualifies for the SC icon. Drawing from principles of heuristic processing and halo effects, the authors predict and find that the SC icon can lead to positive (and potentially misleading) nutrient evaluations and product healthfulness when compared with the TL-GDA icon or no-FOP icon control. When the Nutrition Facts Panel is not available, the TL-GDA icon results in substantially greater nutrition accuracy scores than with the SC icon or control. The authors also find that nutrition consciousness is more likely to moderate effects related to the Nutrition Facts Panel than the FOP nutrition icon information. Implications are offered for public health officials, nutrition researchers, and food manufacturers, as the Food and Drug Administration considers FOP nutrition alternatives for use in the United States.

At present, very little is known about what might encourage children and teens to limit access to their private information online and to restrict what they share on social media and video sites. Federal and state agencies face challenges encouraging companies to help children, teens, and parents protect their information online. The authors extend previous cognitive defense research by examining (1) effects beyond advertising as applied to information privacy online; (2) not only children’s/teens’ beliefs and knowledge, but also their online privacy decisions; (3) multiple age categories; (4) multiple cognitive defense strategies (educational video, quiz with feedback, or absence of a strategy); and (5) children’s/teens’ motivation to restrict what they share online. Key results indicate significant effects of the quiz and educational video over the absence of a strategy in enhancing favorable online safety beliefs and in restricting online sharing. Findings also demonstrate the role of perceived parental influence and for agencies to offer privacy education campaigns to help empower children to protect their privacy. Implications for policy and privacy research are discussed.

This research examines potential explanations of why consumers have difficulty making personal financial decisions that will be most beneficial in the long run. Within the decision context of retirement savings, results from an experiment suggest that self-regulatory state, future orientation, and financial knowledge can influence consumer evaluations and intentions related to retirement investments (i.e., a 401(k) plan). Findings suggest that consumers who express higher levels of future orientation are more likely to participate in a retirement plan, an effect moderated by self-regulatory state. Results also suggest that financial knowledge and orientation toward the future can interact to influence the likelihood of 401(k) plan participation. Among consumers with a basic level of financial knowledge, future-oriented consumers expressed a greater likelihood to participate in a retirement plan than less future-oriented consumers. However, in the absence of knowledge, consumers' orientation toward the future did not influence the likelihood of 401(k) plan participation.

The benefits associated with cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns to both the sponsoring firm and its partnering nonprofit are well documented. However, the combination of the manner in which CRM messages are framed in advertisements and consumers' temporal orientation potentially alters a campaign's success. In an initial experiment, we assess the moderating role of temporal orientation on effects of the temporal framing of CRM messages. We extend these findings with a second experiment in which we evaluate whether an individual's temporal orientation affects their response to a CRM campaign based on the immediacy of the need and the timeliness of the response to the need. Findings indicate that consumers' temporal orientation (present or future) moderates the influence of the temporal framing within the ad (either proximal or distal) for a CRM campaign on attitudes and purchase intentions. In addition, attitude toward the CRM campaign mediates the effect of the three-way interaction on brand attitude and purchase intentions. Implications for both corporations and the nonprofits benefiting from CRM campaigns are offered.

Many consumers have a difficult time considering the future consequences of their behaviors and are prone to discount future health risks. The two experiments presented here test the effectiveness of framing techniques designed to persuade consumers who typically do not consider the future consequences of their behaviors to make better health decisions. Results from Study 1 show that present-oriented consumers can be more strongly persuaded by messages that emphasize proximal rather than distal consequences of unhealthy food choices. Findings of Study 2 suggest that messages focused on promotion strategies (vs. prevention strategies) result in higher behavioral intentions for present-oriented consumers.

Section 4205 of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) will require calorie labeling of food products sold in restaurant chains in the near future. However, research regarding the potential impact of this policy is mixed. The authors note some key impediments that diminish the likelihood of population-based reductions in calorie consumption, in addition to necessary conditions required to realize long-term favorable effects of menu labeling initiatives. The authors discuss key moderators of labeling effects that need to be considered and offer recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of calorie labeling. They also consider specific opportunities for further research and unintended consequences of labeling of restaurant items. They argue that although calorie labeling may not have a substantial impact in the short run on the broad population of restaurant diners, specific segments should benefit, and there potentially will be reductions in purchases of less healthy items for which the expectations of calorie-conscious consumers have been inaccurate.

This research examines the effects of message framing of health advertisements and individual differences in temporal orientation on consumer risk perceptions, attitude, and behavioral intentions. Results from two between-subjects experiments indicate that consumers' temporal orientation moderates ad-framing effects related to goal pursuit strategies (GPS). In Study 1, a GPS manipulation in the ad message has a significant influence on consumers' attitude toward the ad; this effect is moderated by temporal orientation, however. Also, results suggest that consumer risk perceptions mediate the interaction effect. Study 2 demonstrates that a \"fit\" between a GPS manipulation in the ad and consumers' chronic regulatory focus increases the effectiveness of the advertisement, but the regulatory fit effect is moderated by temporal orientation. Implications are offered for theory, as well as for creators of public service advertising campaigns.

Public policy is part of the fabric of advertising with respect to both research and practice. The strong relationship between advertising and public policy has important implications for consumers, businesses, and federal and state agencies. Advertising laws and regulations can influence business practices just as advertising research can impact regulatory decisions. The purpose of this article is to highlight research at the intersection of advertising and public policy and then to identify specific future research needs that have the potential to contribute significantly to advertising research and practice.

How front-of-package (FOP) nutrition icon systems affect product evaluations for more and less healthful objective nutrition profiles is a critical question facing food marketers, consumers, and the public health community. We propose a conceptually-based hierarchical continuum to guide predictions regarding the effectiveness of several FOP systems currently used in the marketplace. In Studies 1a and 1b, we compare the effects of a broad set of FOP icons on nutrition evaluations linked to health, accuracy of evaluations, and purchase intentions for a single product. Based on these findings, Studies 2 and 3 test the effects of two conceptually-different FOP icon systems in a retail laboratory in which consumers make comparative evaluations of multiple products at the retail shelf. While there are favorable effects of each system beyond control conditions with no FOP icons, results show that icons with an evaluative component that aid consumers’ interpretations generally provide greater benefits (particularly in product comparison contexts). We offer implications for consumer packaged goods marketers, retailers, and the public policy and consumer health communities.