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Michael J. Coles, the cofounder of the Great American Cookie Company and the former CEO of Caribou Coffee, did not follow a conventional path into business. He does not have an Ivy League pedigree or an MBA from a top-ten business school. He grew up poor, starting work at the age of thirteen. He had many false starts and painful defeats, but Coles has a habit of defying expectations. His life and career have been about turning obstacles into opportunities, tragedies into triumphs and poverty into philanthropy. In 'Time To Get Tough' Coles explains how he started a $100-million company with only $8,000, overcame a near-fatal motorcycle accident, ran for the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, and set three transcontinental cycling world records. His story also offers a firsthand perspective on Georgia's business, political, and philanthropic climate in the last quarter of the twentieth century and serves as an important case study for anyone interested in overcomng a seemingly insurmountable challenge. Readers will also discover practical leadership lessons and unconventional ways of approaching business.

The Declaration of Independence lists the “pursuit of Happiness” as one of the rights that government is duty-bound to protect. Yet in the United States, decades of conservative and neoliberal policies have made that right illusory for far too many. By several metrics – economic inequality, life expectancy, and the alarming growth in so-called deaths of despair – it has become clear that the government has failed to provide most Americans with a basic level of security, much less with the chance to pursue lives of meaning and connectedness. A major reason for this failure is the distortion of the American political system, which is increasingly beholden to a small minority. We need a renaissance of civic engagement and local activism to challenge the systemic barriers to well-being, restore our democracy, and make our government attentive to public happiness in all its dimensions.

Reproductive interference is increasingly implicated in the decline of native taxa following alien species invasions. We examined reproductive interference in the context of acoustic modulation of hormone levels and declines in native green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) following invasions of Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in the southeastern United States. The motivation for our study stemmed from similarities in spectro-temporal properties of Cuban treefrog courtship calls and green treefrog aggressive calls. The aggressive calls of green treefrogs stimulate glucocorticoid production in rival conspecific males, which suppresses androgen production and reproductive behavior. We thus hypothesized that native male green treefrogs exposed to advertisement calls of this invasive species exhibit increased levels of circulating glucocorticoids. We found that broadcast aggressive calls of green treefrogs stimulated glucocorticoid production in conspecific males but that Cuban treefrog vocalizations did not increase glucocorticoid levels in green treefrogs. In natural choruses, the density of calling male green treefrogs and the proportion of non-calling males were positively correlated with glucocorticoid levels and negatively correlated with androgens, whereas body size was positively correlated with androgens. After controlling for these variables, there was no evidence that hormone levels or behavior differed in choruses of green treefrogs in the presence and absence of Cuban treefrogs. Together, our results suggest that interactions among male green treefrogs modulate hormone levels but that the presence of Cuban treefrogs, calling or not, is not altering levels of glucocorticoids or androgens in breeding male green treefrogs.

Leveraging a cloud‐based interferometric synthetic aperture radar time‐series processing framework, we map the surface deformation along the western and central Aleutian volcanoes from 2015 to 2021. The observed crustal deformation from more than 15 volcanoes is attributed to a wide range of magmatic or tectonic processes, for example, magma accumulation in the magmatic reservoir, steady cooling or degassing of magma or hydrothermal systems, and faulting. More vigorous magmatism in the central Aleutian is noticed and appears to be related to higher magma production rates or higher magma ascent rates as a result of oblique subduction. New deformation patterns never observed in previous studies are detected and modeled at Tanaga, Great Sitkin and Yunaska. This study showcases the cloud‐processing capability to generate interferograms at scale and processing tools to analyze these time series over large, tectonically active areas. Plain Language Summary Surface deformation mapping plays a critical role in the study of volcanic systems, which helps reveal the status of the fundamental magmatic process, for example, magma transportation and stress accumulation. In this study, a new framework integrating cloud‐based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) products, that is, the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis Sentinel‐1 Geocoded Unwrapped Interferograms (ARIA S1 GUNWs), and time‐series processing tools, are used to map the deformation history of the volcanoes in the western and central Aleutian from 2015 to 2021. Active deformation has been identified from more than 15 volcanoes during the investigation period, which are attributed to be consequences of a wide range of magmatic or tectonic processes. Temporal and spatial behaviors of the deformation patterns are interpreted as a result of variations in tectonic settings. New deformation patterns have been detected at Tanaga, Great Sitkin and Yunaska, which are further modeled using analytic models and are interpreted by different magmatic/tectonic sources. This study has demonstrated the capabilities of the new cloud‐based framework for scalable generation of standardized InSAR products and rapid time‐series deformation analysis. Key Points Cloud‐based interferometric synthetic aperture radar production and time‐series analysis framework is developed to map volcanic deformation in the western and central Aleutian Temporal and spatial behaviors of the deformation at more than 15 volcanoes are interpreted as a result of variations in tectonic settings Deformation at Tanaga, Great Sitkin and Yunaska volcanoes is discovered, and the corresponding magmatic/tectonic source is modeled

We describe and evaluate version 2.1 of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM). CISM is a parallel, 3-D thermomechanical model, written mainly in Fortran, that solves equations for the momentum balance and the thickness and temperature evolution of ice sheets. CISM's velocity solver incorporates a hierarchy of Stokes flow approximations, including shallow-shelf, depth-integrated higher order, and 3-D higher order. CISM also includes a suite of test cases, links to third-party solver libraries, and parameterizations of physical processes such as basal sliding, iceberg calving, and sub-ice-shelf melting. The model has been verified for standard test problems, including the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for Higher-Order Models (ISMIP-HOM) experiments, and has participated in the initMIP-Greenland initialization experiment. In multimillennial simulations with modern climate forcing on a 4 km grid, CISM reaches a steady state that is broadly consistent with observed flow patterns of the Greenland ice sheet. CISM has been integrated into version 2.0 of the Community Earth System Model, where it is being used for Greenland simulations under past, present, and future climates. The code is open-source with extensive documentation and remains under active development.

The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) is one of the most flood-prone regions in the world, yet heavy cloud cover and limited in situ observations have hampered efforts to monitor the impact of heavy rainfall, flooding, and inundation during severe weather events. This paper introduces HydroSAR, a Sentinel-1 SAR-based hazard monitoring service which was co-developed with in-region partners to provide year-round, low-latency weather hazard information across the HKH. This paper describes the end user-focused concept and overall design of the HydroSAR service. It introduces the main processing algorithms behind HydroSAR’s broad product portfolio, which includes qualitative visual layers as well as quantitative products measuring the surface water extent and water depth. We summarize the cloud-based implementation of the developed service, which provides the capability to scale automatically with the event size. A performance assessment of our quantitative algorithms is described, demonstrating the capabilities to map the flood extent and water depth with an accuracy of >90% and <1 m, respectively. An application of the HydroSAR service to the 2023 South Asia monsoon seasons showed that monsoon floods peaked near 6 August 2023 and covered 11.6% of Bangladesh in water. At the peak of the flood season, nearly 13.5% of Bangladesh’s agriculture areas were affected.

Glaciers and ice sheets cover some 15 million square kilometers of the Earth's surface, shaping continental landscapes and modifying climate on a global scale. Recent decades of atmospheric and oceanic warming have induced rapid glacier loss worldwide that has caused sea level rise, flooding, changes to Earth's overall energy balance, and changes in water resources. Accounting for the total impact of glacier change requires observations on a global scale, and planning for future change will require improved understanding of the physical controls that govern glacier change. One key factor that dictates glacier and ice sheet loss is changes in rates of ice flow, the physics of which remain poorly constrained. Our physical understanding of ice flow can be advanced with high-resolution monitoring of glacier flow in near-real time. Automated tracking of glacier flow from space became possible with the launch of Landsat 4 in 1982. Since then, an increasing number of optical and radar satellite sensors have provided a full decade of year-round, global data coverage. This recent plethora of data has introduced new challenges for efficiently processing such large and myriad data streams in a standardized manner with low latency. Here we present the NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation (ITS_LIVE) global glacier velocity dataset, which is freely available to the public and is currently on major release version 2.0. ITS_LIVE has computed surface velocities using every, excluding those with high cloud cover, available image from Landsat 4 through Landsat 9 as well as Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, creating a global glacier velocity record of over 36 million image pairs dating back to 1982. The ITS_LIVE processing chain automatically performs feature tracking on more than 20 000 image pairs per day, within minutes of image availability, and will soon include data from Sentinel-1C and NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR) satellites. This paper describes the ITS_LIVE processing chain and provides guidance for working with the cloud-optimized velocity data it produces.

The synthesis and characterization of a new star consisting of a hard styrene hexamer (St 6 ) core of which emanate long soft polyisobutylene (PIB) arms and fitted with allyl (A) termini is documented. The synthesis was accomplished by a core-first strategy in two steps: (a) creating the core by living anionic hexamerization of 3-(2-methoxyisopropyl)styrene in essentially quantitative conversion with nearly targeted molar mass ( M n  = 1450 g/mol) of very low dispersity (1.06), and (b) using this hexamer to produce in one pot PIB-A arms by living cationic polymerization of isobutylene (> 99% conversion), and terminating with allyltrimethylsilane. This is the first example of a star synthesis by anionic-to-cationic site transformation. Intermediates and final products were characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and GPC according to which the star had ~ 4.61 arms. The star was end-functionalized by thiol-ene clicking with furfuryl mercaptan (~ 85% yield) for the preparation of a furan-telechelic star.

Rural regions face emergency medicine (EM) physician shortages. Most training programs are located in cities and lack rural clinical experiences, didactics, and mentorship to excite and prepare residents for rural EM practice. There is limited data on optimal training methods for preparing residents for rural practice. To address this need for rural EM training and workforce, we developed a rural EM curriculum. We began with a two-year case review from critical access emergency departments. Rural EM skills were defined and taught using lectures, simulation cases, and clinical rotations. We obtained quantitative and qualitative feedback from the first ten residents participating in the curriculum. Qualitatively, 10/10 residents gained new skills and found these experiences valuable to their training and career choice, with 100% expressing interest in rural practice and 75% choosing a rural practice. Quantitatively, residents managed a greater variability in patient acuity and volume and performed a greater variety of procedures compared to their academic center rotations, all while gaining unique skills from the challenges of a rural environment. Focused rural emergency medicine clinical experience and didactic training during residency are a promising approach to bridge the gap between urban tertiary care training programs and rural emergency care needs.

In an ice sheet, a preferred crystal orientation fabric affects deformation rates because ice crystals are strongly anisotropic: shear along the basal plane is significantly easier than shear perpendicular to the basal plane. The effect of fabric can be as important as temperature in defining deformation rates. Fabric is typically measured using analysis of thin sections under the microscope with co‐polarized light. Due to the time‐consuming and destructive nature of these measurements, however, it is difficult to capture the spatial variation in fabric necessary for evincing ice sheet flow patterns. Because an ice crystal is similarly elastically anisotropic, the speed of elastic waves through ice can be used as a proxy for quantify anisotropy. We use borehole sonic logging measurements and thin section data from Dome C, East Antarctica to define the relations between apparent fabric and borehole measured elastic speeds (compressionalVP and vertically polarized shear VSV). These relations, valid for single maximum fabrics, allow in‐situ, depth‐continuous fabric estimates of unimodal fabric strength from borehole sonic logging. We describe the single maximum fabric usinga1: the largest eigenvalue of the second‐order orientation tensor. For ice at −16°C anda1in the 0.7‐1 range the relations areVP = 248 a13.7 + 3755 m s−1 and VSV = −210a17.3 + 1968 m s−1. Key Points We derive the relations between ice‐fabric and elastic speeds We can now interpret borehole speeds to investigate the climate‐fabric link We can now evaluate how ice rheology changes with depth