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"Kenyon, Wallace"
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Synchronization in electric power networks with inherent heterogeneity up to 100% inverter-based renewable generation
The synchronized operation of power generators is the foundation of electric power network stability and a key to the prevention of undesired power outages and blackouts. Here, we derive the conditions that guarantee synchronization in power networks with inherent generator heterogeneity when subjected to small perturbations, and perform a parametric sensitivity analysis to understand synchronization with varied types of generators. As inverter-based resources, which are the primary interfacing technology for many renewable sources of energy, have supplanted synchronous generators in ever growing numbers, the center of attention on associated integration challenges have resided primarily on the role of declining system inertia. Our results instead highlight the critical role of generator damping in achieving a stable state of synchronization. Additionally, we report the feasibility of operating interconnected electric grids with up to 100% power contribution from inverter-based renewable generation technologies. Our study has important implications as it sets the basis for the development of advanced control architectures and grid optimization methods that ensure synchronization and further pave the path towards the decarbonization of the electric power sector.
Modern power grids undergo a transition due to the integration of renewable energy generation technologies that bring heterogeneity in the grid. The authors study the synchronization and stability of power grids with heterogeneous inertia and damping factors, and demonstrate power feasibility of operating a system consisting of only renewable generation technologies with enhanced stability.
Journal Article
Synchronization in Electric Power Networks with Inherent Heterogeneity Up to 100% Inverter-Based Renewable Generation
The synchronized operation of power generators is the foundation of electric power network stability and a key to the prevention of undesired power outages and blackouts. Here, we derive the conditions that guarantee synchronization in power networks with inherent generator heterogeneity when subjected to small perturbations, and perform a parametric sensitivity analysis to understand synchronization with varied types of generators. As inverter-based resources, which are the primary interfacing technology for many renewable sources of energy, have supplanted synchronous generators in ever growing numbers, the center of attention on associated integration challenges have resided primarily on the role of declining system inertia. Our results instead highlight the critical role of generator damping in achieving a stable state of synchronization. Additionally, we report the feasibility of operating interconnected electric grids with up to 100% power contribution from inverter-based renewable generation technologies. Our study has important implications as it sets the basis for the development of advanced control architectures and grid optimization methods that ensure synchronization and further pave the path towards the decarbonization of the electric power sector.
Paper
Autonomous Grid-Forming Inverter Exponential Droop Control for Improved Frequency Stability
This paper introduces the novel Droop-e grid-forming power electronic converter control strategy, which establishes a non-linear, active power--frequency droop relationship based on an exponential function of the power output. A primary advantage of Droop-e is an increased utilization of available power headroom that directly mitigates system frequency excursions and reduces the rate of change of frequency. The motivation for Droop-e as compared to a linear grid-forming control is first established, and then the full controller is described, including the mirrored inversion at the origin, the linearization at a parameterized limit, and the auxiliary autonomous power sharing controller. The analytic stability of the controller, including synchronization criteria and a small signal stability analysis, is assessed. Electromagnetic transient time domain simulations of the Droop-e controller with full order power electronic converters and accompanying DC-side dynamics, connected in parallel with synchronous generators, are executed at a range of dispatches on a simple 3-bus system. Finally, IEEE 39-bus system simulations highlight the improved frequency stability of the system with multiple, Droop-e controlled grid-forming inverters.
Paper
Droop-e: Exponential Droop as a Function of Power Output for Grid-Forming Inverters with Autonomous Power Sharing
This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active power-frequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy include an increased utilization of available headroom, mitigated system frequency dynamics, and a natural limiting behavior, all of which are directly compared to the hitherto standard static droop approach. First, the small signal stability of the Droop-e control is assessed on a 3-bus system and found stable across all possible inverter power dispatches. Then, time-domain simulations show improved frequency dynamics at lower power dispatches, and a limiting behavior at higher dispatches. Finally, a novel secondary control scheme is introduced that achieves power sharing following the primary Droop-e response to load perturbations, which is shown to be effective in time-domain simulations of the 3- and 9-bus systems; comparative simulations with a static 5% droop yields unacceptable frequency deviations, highlighting the superiority of the Droop-e control.
Paper
G20 cop faces new assault charge
Will update.194 words TORONTO - The Toronto police constable accused of assaulting G20 protester Adam Nobody has been arrested and charged in connection to another incident involving the alleged assault of a woman during summit protests at Queen's Park, the provincial legislature.
Newsletter
100 sled dogs in B.C. killed following tourism lull: report
Vancouver radio station CKNW reported that documents it obtained from WorkSafeBC, the agency that monitors compliance with the occupational health and safety regulation in the province, show an employee of Outdoor Adventures Whistler was granted compensation after developing post-traumatic stress disorder for allegedly being forced to kill the dogs.
Newsletter
Interactive Power to Frequency Dynamics Between Grid-Forming Inverters and Synchronous Generators in Power Electronics-Dominated Power Systems
With increased attention on grid-forming inverters as a power system stabilizing device during periods of high shares of inverter-based resource operations, there is a present need for a transparent and rigorous investigation of the inverted and direct power to frequency control capabilities, and associated impacts, of these devices on hybrid systems. Here, analysis of the frequency dynamics of the droop controlled grid-forming inverter and the synchronous generator illuminates the inverted active power-frequency relationship and the frequency response order reduction, forming the basis for novel, non-linear frequency droop control approaches. Device-level electromagnetic transient domain simulations corroborate the order-reduction findings, establish that a properly designed DC-side system has a negligible dynamical impact on active power transfer and will not impede frequency regulation, and confirm the frequency response improvement with non-linear control. Simulations of the 9- and 39-bus test systems validate the order reduction and associated decoupling of the nadir and rate of change of frequency in large networks. The primary system oscillatory mode confirms the correlation between high shares of grid-forming inverters and increased mode frequency and damping; a sharp decrease in damping is observed at shares above 80%, whether by grid-forming device quantity in large networks or rating variations in a small test system. Finally, simulation results on the Hawaiian island of Maui show a trend towards a first order frequency response with a grid-forming inverter, further corroborating the analytic findings and network impacts.
Paper
Toronto transit workers warned not to sleep on the job
The warning was sent out to ticket collectors by the TTC's collector division in the form of a phone message Monday night through the commission's broadcast mail system.
Newsletter
Toronto woman froze to death a block from home
In the morning, a community awoke to the terrible truth of what had happened, with the discovery by a newspaper delivery woman of the woman's frozen body lying between two cars beside a hedge, her glasses and coat strewn nearby.
Newsletter