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This monograph deals with the archaeological evidence for crafts and production activity on rural settlements in early medieval Ireland (and so not on Viking towns).

Significance Our results represent significant contributions to understanding the neural mechanisms and spatiotemporal dynamics governing neural reinstatement in two important ways. First, by using a cued recall memory task, our paradigm offers experimental control over retrieval. We compare reinstatement during correct and incorrect retrieval, and provide evidence that retrieval recovers a gradually changing representation of temporal context. These data provide support for mental time travel hypothesized to underlie episodic memory. Second, leveraging the high temporal precision afforded by intracranial recordings, we investigate the precise timing of reinstatement and demonstrate that retrieval may reactivate cortical representations of a memory on a faster timescale than during encoding. Our data complement previous studies demonstrating faster replay of patterns associated with a prior episode. Reinstatement of neural activity is hypothesized to underlie our ability to mentally travel back in time to recover the context of a previous experience. We used intracranial recordings to directly examine the precise spatiotemporal extent of neural reinstatement as 32 participants with electrodes placed for seizure monitoring performed a paired-associates episodic verbal memory task. By cueing recall, we were able to compare reinstatement during correct and incorrect trials, and found that successful retrieval occurs with reinstatement of a gradually changing neural signal present during encoding. We examined reinstatement in individual frequency bands and individual electrodes and found that neural reinstatement was largely mediated by temporal lobe theta and high-gamma frequencies. Leveraging the high temporal precision afforded by intracranial recordings, our data demonstrate that high-gamma activity associated with reinstatement preceded theta activity during encoding, but during retrieval this difference in timing between frequency bands was absent. Our results build upon previous studies to provide direct evidence that successful retrieval involves the reinstatement of a temporal context, and that such reinstatement occurs with precise spatiotemporal dynamics.

Play It Loud celebrates the musical instruments that gave rock and roll its signature sound-from Louis Jordan's alto saxophone and John Lennon's Rickenbacker to the drum set owned by Metallica's Lars Ulrich, Lady Gaga's keytar, and beyond. Seven engrossing essays by veteran music journalists and scholars discuss the technical developments that fostered rock's seductive riffs and driving rhythms, the thrilling innovations musicians have devised to achieve unique effects, and the visual impact their instruments have had. Abundant photographs depict rock's most iconic instruments-including Jerry Lee Lewis's baby grand piano, Chuck Berry's Gibson ES-350T guitar, Bootsy Collins's star-shaped bass, Keith Moon's drum set, and the white Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix played at Woodstock-as works of art in their own right. Produced in collaboration with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, this astounding book goes behind the music to offer a rare and in-depth look at the instruments that inspired the musicians and made possible the songs we know and love. Exhibition: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA (01.04-15.09.2019); The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland, USA (20.11.2019-13.09.2020). -- Book jacket.

This article examines nineteenth-century marine waste discourses in Rudyard Kipling’s Captains Courageous (1896–97). In the novel, the sheltered son of an American railway magnate is washed overboard from a steamer, saved by a fishing schooner, and inculcated into the cod fishery. While the fishing boat of Kipling’s novel acts as a mobile apparatus for producing rubbish, the novel imagines both industrial fishing and venture capitalism through fantasies of wastelessness. Through this case study, the article argues for the relevance that Victorian literature has for waste studies, opening up the possibility that maritime waste studies in particular—which often focuses on modern forms of marine pollution—might productively adopt a historicizing approach. The sea functioned as a convenient dumping ground long before the creation of the first plastics, with the nineteenth century in particular establishing the global modern waste practices that accompany the rise of mass consumerism, imperialism, and industrial capitalism—as Kipling’s novel goes some way to demonstrating.

Pulsar timing arrays aim to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). A background of GWs modulates pulsar arrival times and manifests as a stochastic process, common to all pulsars, with a signature spatial correlation. Here we describe a search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using observations of 30 millisecond pulsars from the third data release of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA), which spans 18 yr. Using current Bayesian inference techniques we recover and characterize a common-spectrum noise process. Represented as a strain spectrum hc=A(f/1yr−1)α , we measure A=3.1−0.9+1.3×10−15 and α = −0.45 ± 0.20, respectively (median and 68% credible interval). For a spectral index of α = −2/3, corresponding to an isotropic background of GWs radiated by inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries, we recover an amplitude of A=2.04−0.22+0.25×10−15 . However, we demonstrate that the apparent signal strength is time-dependent, as the first half of our data set can be used to place an upper limit on A that is in tension with the inferred common-spectrum amplitude using the complete data set. We search for spatial correlations in the observations by hierarchically analyzing individual pulsar pairs, which also allows for significance validation through randomizing pulsar positions on the sky. For a process with α = −2/3, we measure spatial correlations consistent with a GWB, with an estimated false-alarm probability of p ≲ 0.02 (approx. 2σ). The long timing baselines of the PPTA and the access to southern pulsars will continue to play an important role in the International Pulsar Timing Array.

We evaluated the effects of acquiring a flash continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in the population with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with basal or noninsulin therapy.OBJECTIVESWe evaluated the effects of acquiring a flash continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in the population with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with basal or noninsulin therapy.This was a retrospective database analysis of the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Medicare Supplemental databases that assessed rates of acute diabetes-related events (ADEs) and all-cause inpatient hospitalizations (ACHs) in a large population with T2D treated with basal insulin therapy or noninsulin medications. ADE and ACH rates 6 months prior to and 6 months post CGM acquisition were compared.STUDY DESIGNThis was a retrospective database analysis of the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Medicare Supplemental databases that assessed rates of acute diabetes-related events (ADEs) and all-cause inpatient hospitalizations (ACHs) in a large population with T2D treated with basal insulin therapy or noninsulin medications. ADE and ACH rates 6 months prior to and 6 months post CGM acquisition were compared.Inclusion criteria for analysis were diagnosis of T2D; age 18 years or older; treatment with long-acting, neutral protamine Hagedorn, or premixed insulin or noninsulin therapy; naïve to CGM; and acquisition of their flash CGM system between October 2017 and March 2019. Patients served as their own controls. Event rates were compared using weighted Cox regression with Andersen-Gill extension for repeat events.METHODSInclusion criteria for analysis were diagnosis of T2D; age 18 years or older; treatment with long-acting, neutral protamine Hagedorn, or premixed insulin or noninsulin therapy; naïve to CGM; and acquisition of their flash CGM system between October 2017 and March 2019. Patients served as their own controls. Event rates were compared using weighted Cox regression with Andersen-Gill extension for repeat events.A cohort of 10,282 adults with T2D (mean [SD] age, 53.1 [9.6] years; 51.9% male) who met inclusion criteria were assessed. ADE rates decreased from 0.076 to 0.052 events per patient-year (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.80; P < .001). ACH rates decreased from 0.177 to 0.151 events per patient-year (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77-0.94; P = .002).RESULTSA cohort of 10,282 adults with T2D (mean [SD] age, 53.1 [9.6] years; 51.9% male) who met inclusion criteria were assessed. ADE rates decreased from 0.076 to 0.052 events per patient-year (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.80; P < .001). ACH rates decreased from 0.177 to 0.151 events per patient-year (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77-0.94; P = .002).Acquisition of the flash CGM system was associated with significant reductions in outpatient and inpatient ADEs and ACHs. These findings provide compelling evidence that use of flash CGM in patients with T2D treated with basal insulin therapy or noninsulin therapy improves clinical outcomes and potentially reduces costs.CONCLUSIONSAcquisition of the flash CGM system was associated with significant reductions in outpatient and inpatient ADEs and ACHs. These findings provide compelling evidence that use of flash CGM in patients with T2D treated with basal insulin therapy or noninsulin therapy improves clinical outcomes and potentially reduces costs.

The noise in millisecond pulsar (MSP) timing data can include contributions from observing instruments, the interstellar medium, the solar wind, solar system ephemeris errors, and the pulsars themselves. The noise environment must be accurately characterized in order to form the null hypothesis from which signal models can be compared, including the signature induced by nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). Here we describe the noise models developed for each of the MSPs in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) third data release, which have been used as the basis of a search for the isotropic stochastic GW background. We model pulsar spin noise, dispersion measure variations, scattering variations, events in the pulsar magnetospheres, solar wind variability, and instrumental effects. We also search for new timing model parameters and detected Shapiro delays in PSR J0614−3329 and PSR J1902−5105. The noise and timing models are validated by testing the normalized and whitened timing residuals for Gaussianity and residual correlations with time. We demonstrate that the choice of noise models significantly affects the inferred properties of a common-spectrum process. Using our detailed models, the recovered common-spectrum noise in the PPTA is consistent with a power law with a spectral index of γ = 13/3, the value predicted for a stochastic GW background from a population of supermassive black hole binaries driven solely by GW emission.

PurposeSuboptimal glycemic control among individuals with diabetes is a leading cause of hospitalizations and emergency department utilization. Use of flash continuous glucose monitoring (flash CGM) improves glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which may result in lower risk for acute and chronic complications that require emergency services and/or hospitalizations. MethodsIn this retrospective, real-world study, we analyzed IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Medicare Supplemental databases to assess the impact of flash CGM on diabetes-related events and hospitalizations in a cohort of 2463 individuals with type 2 diabetes who were on short- or rapid-acting insulin therapy. Outcomes were changes in acute diabetes-related events (ADE) and all-cause inpatient hospitalizations (ACH), occurring during the first 6 months after acquiring the flash CGM system compared with event rates during the 6 months prior to system acquisition. ICD-10 codes were used to identify ADE for hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic coma, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolarity. ResultsADE rates decreased from 0.180 to 0.072 events/patient-year (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.39 [0.30, 0.51]; P < 0.001) and ACH rates decreased from 0.420 to 0.283 events/patient-year (HR: 0.68 [0.59 0.78]; P < 0.001). ADE reduction occurred regardless of age or gender. ConclusionsAcquisition of the flash CGM system was associated with reductions in ADE and ACH. These findings provide support for the use of flash CGM in type 2 diabetes patients treated with short- or rapid-acting insulin therapy to improve clinical outcomes and potentially reduce costs.

The analysis of macroecological patterns has necessitated the use of large, composite datasets recording local‐scale species occurrences distributed across the globe. These datasets, however, have various spatial and temporal biases, including taxonomic under sampling, range gaps for many species, and geographic uncertainty. They have rarely been compared to data collected in the field across large spatial gradients. In this paper we use two datasets built from online repositories plus standardised field collections of death assemblages to reconstruct macroecological patterns for marine bivalves along the eastern coastline of Australia – spanning over 20° of latitude and the transition between tropical and temperate regions. We test the strength of the latitudinal diversity gradient using four diversity measures and identify a biogeographical boundary. The field collection demonstrates a strong latitudinal gradient, but results from the composite datasets were varied. Adding observation‐based records to the composite dataset obscured the latitudinal gradient. The location of the biogeographic boundary was the same in all datasets, and the location mirrored two previously published bioregionalisations. Although broad patterns seen in the field can be uncovered from composite macroecological datasets, care both in dataset construction and choice of methods is needed to ensure robust results.

Tricuspid valve disease (TVD) is presumed common, however, little is known about its prevalence or the impact of tricuspid valve surgery (TVS) on healthcare resource use. To describe the prevalence of TVD and assess the impact of TVS on resource utilization, Medicare Fee-For-Service beneficiaries from 2011 –2019 were assessed for the prevalence of non-rheumatic TVD. Hospital costs and rates of all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and heart failure (HF) hospitalizations were compared in the 3 months pre TVS to acute (0-3 months) and chronic (3 –12 months) post TVS periods. Among 80.3 million beneficiaries from 2011 – 2019 Q1, over 700,000 (0.9%) had non-rheumatic TVD with 1.4% undergoing TVS. Thirty-day and 1 year mortality after TVS was 5.5% to15.5%. Compared with pre-surgery, CV and HF hospitalizations decreased from 0.12 to 0.08 per patient-month (P <.001), and 0.06 to 0.04 (P <.001) acutely. All-cause hospitalizations increased from 0.18 per patient-month to 0.23 per patient-month acutely post-surgery (P <.001), before decreasing to 0.09 per patient-month chronically (P <.001). Hospital costs increased from $2,174 per patient-month to $4,171 per patient-month acutely (P < .001), before falling to $1,441 per patient-month (P < .001) chronically. Lower costs for HF and CV hospitalization in both acute (P = .028 and P < .001, respectively) and chronic (P < .001 for both) periods were observed. TVS is associated with reduced CV and HF hospitalizations and associated hospital costs. Future work should determine whether transcatheter tricuspid valve repair offers similar or additional benefits.