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While biologging tags have answered a wealth of ecological questions, the drivers and consequences of movement and activity often remain difficult to ascertain, particularly marine vertebrates which are difficult to observe directly. Basking sharks, the second largest shark species in the world, aggregate in the summer in key foraging sites but despite advances in biologging technologies, little is known about their breeding ecology and sub-surface behaviour. Advances in camera technologies holds potential for filling in these knowledge gaps by providing environmental context and validating behaviours recorded with conventional telemetry. Six basking sharks were tagged at their feeding site in the Sea of Hebrides, Scotland, with towed cameras combined with time-depth recorders and satellite telemetry. Cameras recorded a cumulative 123 hours of video data over an average 64-hour deployment and confirmed the position of the sharks within the water column. Feeding events only occurred within a metre depth and made up ¾ of the time spent swimming near the surface. Sharks maintained similar tail beat frequencies regardless of whether feeding, swimming near the surface or the seabed, where they spent surprisingly up to 88% of daylight hours. This study reported the first complete breaching event and the first sub-surface putative courtship display, with nose-to-tail chasing, parallel swimming as well as the first observation of grouping behaviour near the seabed. Social groups of sharks are thought to be very short term and sporadic, and may play a role in finding breeding partners, particularly in solitary sharks which may use aggregations as an opportunity to breed. In situ observation of basking sharks at their seasonal aggregation site through animal borne cameras revealed unprecedented insight into the social and environmental context of basking shark behaviour which were previously limited to surface observations.

Basking sharks, the world’s second largest fish, are endangered globally following two centuries of large-scale exploitation for their oily livers. In the northeast Atlantic, they seasonally gather in key sites, including the western Scottish Isles, where they feed on plankton, but their breeding grounds are currently completely unknown. Using high-resolution three-axis accelerometry and depth logging, we present the first direct records of breaching by basking sharks over 41 days. We show that basking sharks breach both during the night and day, starting at approximately 20 m depth and can breach multiple times in short succession. We also present early evidence of potential lateralisation in basking sharks. Given the energetic nature of breaching, it should have an important biological function, but this remains unclear.

Coastal fisheries provide livelihoods and sustenance for millions of people globally but are often poorly documented. Data scarcity, particularly relating to spatio-temporal trends in catch and effort, compounds wider issues of governance capacity. This can hinder the implementation and effectiveness of spatial tools for fisheries management or conservation. This issue is acute in developing and low-income regions with many small-scale inshore fisheries and high marine biodiversity, such as Southeast Asia. As a result, fleets often operate unmonitored with implications for target and non-target species populations and the wider marine ecosystem. Novel and cost-effective approaches to obtain fisheries data are required to monitor these activities and help inform sustainable fishery and marine ecosystem management. One such example is the detection and numeration of fishing vessels that use artificial light to attract catch with nighttime satellite imagery. Here we test the efficiency and application value of nighttime satellite imagery, in combination with landings data and GPS tracked vessels, to estimate the footprint and biomass removal of an inshore purse seine fishery operating within a region of high biodiversity in Myanmar. By quantifying the number of remotely sensed vessel detections per month, adjusted for error by the GPS tracked vessels, we can extrapolate data from fisher logbooks to provide fine-scale spatiotemporal estimates of the fishery's effort, value and biomass removal. Estimates reveal local landings of nearly 9,000 mt worth close to $4 million USD annually. This approach details how remote sensed and in situ collected data can be applied to other fleets using artificial light to attract catch, notably inshore fisheries of Southeast Asia, whilst also providing a much-needed baseline understanding of a data-poor fishery's spatiotemporal activity, biomass removal, catch composition and landing of vulnerable species.

Objectives To determine whether temporal patterns of hypoglycaemia exist in inpatients with diabetes ‘at risk’ of hypoglycaemia (those on insulin and/or sulfonylureas), and if so whether patterns differ between hospitals and between these treatments. Setting Retrospective multicentre audit of inpatients with diabetes involving 11 acute UK National Health Service (NHS) trusts. Participants Capillary blood glucose readings of 3.9 mmol/L or less (hypoglycaemia) for all adult (≥18 years) inpatients with diabetes ‘at risk’ of hypoglycaemia were extracted from the Abbott PrecisionWeb Point-of-Care Data Management System over a 4-week period. Overall, 2521 readings of 3.9 mmol/L or less (hypoglycaemia) occurring in 866 participants between 1 June 2013 and 29 June 2013 were analysed. Results The majority (65%) occurred between 21:00 and 08:59, a pattern common to all Trusts. This was more frequent in sulfonylurea-treated than insulin-treated participants (75.3% vs 59.3%, p=0.0001). Furthermore, hypoglycaemic readings were more frequent between 5:00 and 7:59 in sulfonylurea-treated than insulin-treated participants (46.7% vs 22.7% of readings for respective treatments, p=0.0001). Sulfonylureas accounted for 31.8% of all hypoglycaemic readings. As a group, sulfonylurea-treated participants were older (median age 78 vs 73 years, p=0.0001) and had lower glycated haemoglobin (median 56 (7.3%) vs 69 mmol/mol (8.5%), p=0.0001). Hypoglycaemic readings per participant were as frequent for sulfonylurea-treated participants as for insulin-treated participants (median=2 for both) as were the proportions in each group with ≥5 hypoglycaemic readings (17.3% vs 17.7%). Conclusions In all Trusts, hypoglycaemic readings were more frequent between 21:00 and 08:59 in ‘at risk’ inpatients with diabetes, with a greater frequency in the early morning period (5:00–7:59) in sulfonylurea-treated inpatients. This may have implications for the continuing use of sulfonylureas in the inpatient setting.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop our understanding of Open Innovation, Innovation Intermediaries, the Triple-Helix model, the National System of Innovation model, establishing a link between the concepts within a new and emerging context. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study adopted a Critical Realism philosophy. Following a case study methodology, this study analysed the High-Value Manufacturing CATAPULT and the Offshore Renewable Energy CATAPULT as 'observable events'. Data was collected using a qualitative approach, in accordance with a concrete research design (Sayer, 1992), with data emerging from semi-structured interviews and was supported by the analysis of documentation. Thematic techniques were employed in the analysis of this data, following a retroductive strategy. Findings: This study establishes a clear link between the concepts of Open Innovation, Innovation Intermediaries, the Triple-Helix model, and the National System of Innovation model. In doing so, the findings of this study broaden the conceptualisation of Open Innovation. Recognising a wider range of resources that permeate organisational boundaries during this process and expanding beyond a conceptualisation based on 'knowledge' exclusively. The case study organisations (High-Value Manufacturing Catapult and Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult) are then shown to operate within a 'sectoral' system of innovation, which in turn is part of a larger 'national' system of innovation. With the primary 'underlying mechanism' of these 'observable events' being that of triple-helix interaction (i.e., interaction between industry, academia, and government). This mode of interaction is shown to be structured in a way which is consistent with the empirical model proposed by Nakwa and Zawdie (2012). However, the roles that innovation intermediaries play in facilitating this interaction are shown to differ from those originally proposed. Organisations from these spheres instead adopt revised roles in comparison to the traditional roles associated with firms. Towards the end of the study, the findings illustrate that there are several factors underlying the outcomes of the open innovation activity within this system of interaction (e.g., underlying mechanisms of OI), and in doing so, positions Open Innovation as an 'underlying mechanism' of triple-helix interaction. Finally, the study attempts to synthesise all the observed 'real' events and the 'underlying mechanisms' discussed as part of this study, presenting the findings in an empirical model which demonstrates the complex nature of interaction of 'observable events' and the 'underlying mechanisms' discussed. Research Limitations: There were only a limited number of case studies that were worthy of investigation. At the time of publication only 9 CATAPULT centres were in existence. This had a notable impact on the study, primarily regarding the limited sample size of respondents that were at the necessary managerial level to contribute to the outcomes of this study. Consequently, this study was unable to substantiate previous research on all the outcome factors, during the empirical investigation. There was also weakness in the research design, in terms of its longitudinal limitations. Originality/Value: This research provides unique insights into our theoretical understanding of Open Innovation, Intermediaries, the Triple-Helix model, and the National System of Innovation model. The study develops an empirical model demonstrating how previously siloed concepts overlap, to form a combined model and adopts a novel methodological approach (Critical Realism). The study also increases understanding for/supports policymakers in the design of systems for supporting innovation within the UK. Empowering managers within innovation intermediaries by highlighting several organizational, network and individual level factors influencing the outcome of projects displaying similar characteristics.

AimsDiabetes increases the risk of costly and potentially preventable hospital-acquired pressure ulceration. Given that peripheral arterial disease and neuropathy, important risk factors for foot ulceration, are more common in people with diabetes, their risk of hospital-acquired foot ulceration (HAFU) in particular may be even greater. This study aims to determine this risk.MethodsUsing data collected over 2 years from all admissions to the Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, we conducted a prospective multilevel regression analysis of the risk of HAFU in 5043 admissions of people with diabetes versus 23 599 without diabetes. Patients over 50 years who developed HAFU at least 48 hours after admission were included in analyses. Progressive adjustment for important risk factors and subgroup analyses were conducted to compare patients with and without diabetes.ResultsThere were significant differences between patients with and without diabetes among a range of covariates including sex, Comorbidity Score, and length of stay (p value <0.001). After progressive adjustment for age, sex, and other risk factors, there persisted a significant increase risk of HAFU in people with diabetes (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.80 to 2.69). There were no substantial differences between clinically relevant subgroups.ConclusionsThese analyses demonstrate at least a twofold increase in the risk of HAFU in patients with diabetes and suggest further work should focus on specific processes to detect those inpatients with diabetes at increased risk, in whom preventative measures may reduce the prevalence of this costly complication.

The acceptability, uptake and effectiveness of a new referral tool – the diabetes patient at risk (DPAR) score – were evaluated and the timeliness of review of referred inpatients by the diabetes team was measured. For this, a snapshot survey of ward healthcare professionals (HCPs) and a review of all DPAR referrals to the diabetes team between 1 September 2013 and 31 January 2014 were undertaken. All referrals in November 2013 were audited for timeliness of review. 77% of HCPs agreed/strongly agreed that the tool improved access to the diabetes team. 76% of referrals were from nurses. 80% of who should have been referred were referred; the remaining had already been reviewed by the diabetes team and therefore did not require referral. Only 11% of referrals were inappropriate. All DPAR referrals were reviewed within the stipulated time period in November 2013. Overall, the DPAR system was well accepted, successfully identified appropriate referrals and facilitated referrals in a timely manner to the diabetes team.

The biogenesis and maintenance of unique compartments in eukaryotic cells is not well understood. Many eukaryotic organelles, including the yeast vacuole, are derived from the secretory pathway. Newly synthesized vacuolar proteins are sorted from secreted proteins in the Golgi apparatus. Mutants defective in this process have been identified, and analysis of the genes required for protein sorting has provided insights into vacuolar biogenesis. The VPS1 gene is required for vacuolar protein sorting, growth at elevated temperatures, and normal membrane organization. Sequencing of the gene revealed a tripartite GTP-binding motif and extensive regions of similarity with members of the Mx protein family and dynamin. Mx protein confers viral resistance while the dynamin protein is thought to be a microtubule-based motor protein. The VPS1 product is an abundant protein that binds GTP in vitro and appears to associate with the yeast Golgi apparatus in vivo. Analysis of mutations in VPS1 suggests that the carboxy-terminal region targets the protein to the appropriate subcellular structure where the amino-terminal region catalyzes a reaction essential for protein sorting. Examination of the vacuole in yeast cells revealed that this complex organelle consists of several compartments, some of which undergo directed movement into growing buds during bud enlargement. The process of vacuolar segregation requires the product of the VPS3 gene. Vacuolar acidification is also defective in vps3 mutants, suggesting a broader role for the VPS3 product in establishing functional complexes on the vacuolar membrane. Additional evidence suggests the product plays an intimate role in protein targetting. At least fifty VPS genes are required for the efficient sorting of vacuolar proteins, and most sorting mutants bear a superficial resemblance to one another. This has hampered efforts to understand whether there are groups of VPS gene products that collectively contribute to a given function required for protein sorting. Morphological examination of the 50 vps mutants has demonstrated that they possess aberrant vacuoles that fall into one of six categories. These data suggest that several, discrete processes are required for protein sorting and they identify which VPS products are likely to participate in a given pathway.

The Pew and the Picket Line collects works from a new generation of scholars working at the nexus where religious history and working-class history converge. Focusing on Christianity and its unique purchase in America, the contributors use in-depth local histories to illustrate how Americans male and female, rural and urban, and from a range of ethnic backgrounds dwelt in a space between the church and the shop floor. Their vivid essays show Pentecostal miners preaching prosperity while seeking miracles in the depths of the earth, while aboveground black sharecroppers and white Protestants established credit unions to pursue a joint vision of cooperative capitalism. Innovative and essential, The Pew and the Picket Line reframes venerable debates as it maps the dynamic contours of a landscape sculpted by the powerful forces of Christianity and capitalism. Contributors: Christopher D. Cantwell, Heath W. Carter, Janine Giordano Drake, Ken Fones-Wolf, Erik Gellman, Alison Collis Greene, Brett Hendrickson, Dan McKanan, Matthew Pehl, Kerry L. Pimblott, Jarod Roll, Evelyn Sterne, and Arlene Sanchez Walsh.