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Following a proposal made by the French and German Ministers for Foreign Affairs at the November 2020 Paris Peace Forum, 4 global partners, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Health Organization (WHO), in May 2021 established the interdisciplinary One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) (https://www.who.int/groups/one-health-high-level-expert-panel) to enhance their cross-sectoral collaboration. There is no shortage of “One Health” definitions in the published literature and among institutions and organizations. [...]an immediate priority for OHHLEP was to develop consensus around a working definition as a solid basis to support a common understanding among the panel members and the partner organizations. Key underlying principles including 1. equity between sectors and disciplines; 2. sociopolitical and multicultural parity (the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities) and inclusion and engagement of communities and marginalized voices; 3. socioecological equilibrium that seeks a harmonious balance between human–animal–environment interaction and acknowledging the importance of biodiversity, access to sufficient natural space and resources, and the intrinsic value of all living things within the ecosystem; 4. stewardship and the responsibility of humans to change behavior and adopt sustainable solutions that recognize the importance of animal welfare and the integrity of the whole ecosystem, thus securing the well-being of current and future generations; and 5. transdisciplinarity and multisectoral collaboration, which includes all relevant disciplines, both modern and traditional forms of knowledge and a broad representative array of perspectives. PLoS Pathog 18(6): e1010537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537 About the Authors: One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) Wiku B. Adisasmito Affiliation: Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia Salama Almuhairi Affiliation: National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Casey Barton Behravesh Affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America Pépé Bilivogui Affiliation: World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea Salome A. Bukachi Affiliation: Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Natalia Casas Affiliation: National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina Natalia Cediel Becerra Affiliation: School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia Dominique F. Charron Affiliation: International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada Abhishek Chaudhary Affiliation: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India Janice R. Ciacci Zanella Affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil Andrew A. Cunningham Affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom Osman Dar Affiliations Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom, Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom Nitish Debnath Affiliation: Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh Baptiste Dungu Affiliations Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo Elmoubasher Farag Affiliation: Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar George F. Gao Affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China David T. S. Hayman Affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Margaret Khaitsa Affiliation: Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi,

Cattle are the main reservoirs for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. E. coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 are among the STEC serogroups that cause severe foodborne illness and have been declared as adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. The objectives of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 in naturally infected beef cows and in steer calves at postweaning, during finishing, and at slaughter and (ii) to test non-O157 STEC isolates for the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and ehlyA. Samples were collected from study animals during multiple sampling periods and included fecal grabs, rectal swabs, and midline sponge samples. Laboratory culture, PCR, and multiplex PCR were performed to recover and identify E. coli and the virulence genes. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC (serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O113, and O145) fecal shedding ranged from 8% (4 of 48 samples) to 39% (15 of 38 samples) in cows and 2% (1 of 47 samples) to 38% (9 of 24 samples) in steer calves. The prevalence of E. coli O157 fecal shedding ranged from 0% (0 of 38 samples) to 52% (25 of 48 samples) in cows and 2% (1 of 47 samples) to 31% (15 of 48 samples) in steer calves. In steer calves, the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 was highest at postweaning, at 16% (15 of 96 samples) and 23% (22 of 96 samples), respectively. Among the 208 non-O157 STEC isolates, 79% (164 isolates) had stx1, 79% (165 isolates) had stx2, and 58% (121 isolates) had both stx1 and stx2 genes. The percentage of non-O157 STEC isolates encoding the eaeA gene was low; of the 165 isolates tested, 8 (5%) were positive for eaeA and 135 (82%) were positive for ehlyA. Findings from this study provide further evidence of non-O157 STEC shedding in beef cows and steer calves particularly at the stage of postweaning and before entry into the feedlot.

Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is one of the top challenges for schoolgirls and female teachers in Uganda, leading to low retention rates for girls (25%) compared to boys (33%). One of Higher Education Resource Services-East Africa (HERS-EA) goals is to remove barriers to girls' education and advance women in leadership. This paper summarizes results of a community engagement project that trained rural women in two districts of Uganda (Bulambuli and Butaleja) in entrepreneurial skills and production of affordable reusable sanitary pads. Additionally, a needs assessment was conducted by HERS-EA. MHM issues and possible research areas (community education, engineering, environmental, business and marketing of sanitary pads) were identified. The paper highlights the plight of schoolgirls and rural women regarding MHM and the need for affordable sanitary pads to keep girls in school. The paper further highlights the mutual benefits of collaboration and opportunities that support university primary missions of education, research, and outreach.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In Uganda, FMD outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements. Vaccination stimulates immunity and prevents animals from developing clinical signs which include lameness, inappetence, and decreased production. Ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements have, however, not successfully controlled FMD in Uganda and outbreaks reoccur annually. The objective of this study was to review the use of FMD virus (FMDV) vaccines and assess the effectiveness of vaccination programs for controlling FMD in Uganda (2001–2010), using retrospective data. FMD vaccine distribution patterns in Uganda (2001–2010) matched occurrence of outbreaks with districts reporting the highest number of outbreaks also receiving the largest quantity of vaccines. This was possibly due to “fire brigade” response of vaccinating animals after outbreaks have been reported. On average, only 10.3 % of cattle within districts that reported outbreaks during the study period were vaccinated. The average minimum time between onset of outbreaks and vaccination was 7.5 weeks, while the annual cost of FMDV vaccines used ranged from US $58,000 to 1,088,820. Between 2001 and 2010, serotyping of FMD virus was done in only 9/121 FMD outbreaks, and there is no evidence that vaccine matching or vaccine potency tests have been done in Uganda. The probability of FMDV vaccine and outbreak mismatch, the delayed response to outbreaks through vaccination, and the high costs associated with importation of FMDV vaccines could be reduced if virus serotyping and subtyping as well as vaccine matching were regularly done, and the results were considered for vaccine manufacture.

Uganda has been exporting fish to the European Union and the United States since 1992, but occasionally faces bans on fish exports whenever it fails to process fish to international standards. This study compared the efficiency and quality of the currently used traditional \"Bare ground\" (BG) fish drying method to five newly constructed surfaces in drying Haplochromis sp. Five surfaces; Plastic palette fabric (PPF), Burnt clay brick (BCB), Popcorn concrete (PC), Screened concrete (SC) and Mass concrete (MC) were constructed within 7 days. Altogether, 24 racks of Haplochromines were used in the comparative study. Slight but insignificant (p > 0.05) differences in moisture loss were observed after day 3 of drying. Comparison of the drying surfaces based on microbial counts revealed considerable reduction in Total Plate Counts (TPC), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The TPC (cfu/ml) of microbes reduced most on PPF from 2.3 × 10 8 before drying to 6.0 × 10 7 after drying, followed by MC from 1.5 × 10 8 to 6.0 × 10 7 and PC from 1.0 × 10 8 to 2.0 × 10 7 . The TPC however increaed significantly on BG from 1.8 × 10 8 to 4.0 × 10 8 . The S. aureus counts only reduced on BCB, PPF, and PC, but increased on \"BG\", SC, and MC. When fish body shape after drying was considered, BG emerged as the best drying surface producing the least curved fish. Although all the drying surfaces were equally efficient, BG had a worrying increase in TPC and S. aureus, implying PPF or MC could substitute its use to produce better quality fish.

Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota. Methods. Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors. Results. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and Ilamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following variables: death reported on neighboring pasture, vaccination period, dry conditions, wet conditions, antibiotic use, multiple vaccination, and type of predator (coyote). Factors that significantly (p<0.05) predicted anthrax occurrences on the final logistic regression model were vaccination, use of antibiotics during an outbreak, and period of vaccine administration (before or during the outbreak). Conclusions. The characteristics of the anthrax outbreak regarding time and place of occurrence, animals affected, clinical signs reported, and mortality rate were consistent with previous reports of natural anthrax outbreaks in animals. A number of factors that significantly predicted anthrax occurrence in animals in the 2005 outbreak in North Dakota were identified. This information is important in planning appropriate control and prevention measures for anthrax, including recommending the right vaccination and treatment regimens in managing future anthrax outbreaks.