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Fire is indeed one of the major contributing factors to fatalities, property damage, and economic disruption. A large number of fire incidents across the world cause devastation beyond measure and description every year. To minimalize their impacts, the implementation of innovative and effective fire early warning technologies is essential. Despite the fact that research publications on fire detection technology have addressed the issue to some extent, fire detection technology still confronts hurdles in decreasing false alerts, improving sensitivity and dynamic responsibility, and providing protection for costly and complicated installations. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current futuristic practices in the context of fire detection and monitoring strategies, with an emphasis on the methods of detecting fire through the continuous monitoring of variables, such as temperature, flame, gaseous content, and smoke, along with their respective benefits and drawbacks, measuring standards, and parameter measurement spans. Current research directions and challenges related to the technology of fire detection and future perspectives on fabricating advanced fire sensors are also provided. We hope such a review can provide inspiration for fire sensor research dedicated to the development of advanced fire detection techniques.

This paper explores anisotropic spherical structures within metric f ( R ) gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar, extending general relativity to include functions of R modified gravitational effects. We analyze compact stars using Finch–Skea solutions under the models; f ( R ) = R + α R 2 , f = R + α R 2 ( 1 + γ R ) , and f = R + α R e - R γ - 1 . These models help us examine how gravity modifications affect the internal structure and behavior of neutrons and strange stars. We investigate material variables such as density, pressures, anisotropy, and forces (gravitational, hydrostatic, anisotropic) through graphical analysis. The physical viability of the stellar models is assessed by evaluating energy conditions (NEC, WEC, SEC, and DEC) and the equation of state (EoS) parameter. We also examine the role of anisotropy in stability and structure, comparing the results with general relativity to highlight the implications of f ( R ) gravity on compact stars. This study aims to enhance the understanding of how modified gravity theories could impact the properties of compact astrophysical objects.

Solitary bees are in constant decline due to climate change, pesticide toxicity, and habitat loss. Provision of nesting sites is an important conservation strategy. Various factors affect bee nesting, including parasitism, entrance orientation, nesting substrate type, and diameter. This study explored the impact of nesting substrate, cavity diameter, and entrance orientation on solitary bee nesting preferences. Additionally, it investigated the influence of landscape type and seasonality on bee nesting efficiency which is the ability of a bee to successfully establish nest. Trap nests were placed at eight locations, representing five landscapes (forest, desert, agriculture, peri-urban, and urban). These trap nests had five different nesting substrates (bamboo reeds, wooden blocks, wooden logs, mud blocks, and paper tubes). At each location, four traps were set in all directions. The results showed maximum cavity occupation in south-facing nests. Peri-urban landscapes were the most favored for nesting, followed by forests. Solitary bees primarily preferred bamboo reeds for nesting, with peak occupation from April to June. Bees favored cavities with 6- and 8-mm entrance diameters, while wasps occupied smaller diameters (< 5 mm). Overall, bee species occupied fewer nests compared to parasitic wasps. Future research should explore brood chamber numbers and species-specific nesting preferences for bees, along with the impact of cavity microclimate on bee growth.

To the Editor: The review article by Connor et al. (Sept. 25 issue) 1 compellingly highlights disparities in care at the diagnostic stage, which can cascade throughout the entire patient journey. Before urging learners to “think outside the box,” we must instill the discipline of “looking outside the box” — identifying what is missing, what is glanced over, and how these omissions shape the diagnostic process. To support this, medical education interventions must begin earlier, with two priorities. First, roundtable case reviews of humanistic care should explore missed diagnoses, reasoning errors, cognitive bias traps, system blind spots, and the effects of . . .

Abstract Arthropod predators are abundant in turfgrass systems, and they play an important role in managing pests. Understanding the vertical distribution of predation is critical to developing cultural strategies that enhance and conserve predatory services. However, little is known on how the predation is vertically distributed within the turfgrass canopy. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the vertical distribution of predation within the turfgrass canopy. Clay models were used to emulate the general appearance of Noctuidae caterpillars, to estimate the predatory activity. The choice and no-choice experiments were conducted by placing clay models at 2.54, 5.08, and 7.62 cm from the thatch surface and denoted as lower, intermediate, and upper levels, respectively, within turfgrass canopy. The predator-mediated impressions, paired mark, scratch, deep cut mark, deep distortion, prick, dent, stacked surface impression, scooped mark, granulation, and U-shaped mark, were identified on clay models. The incidence and severity of impressions were significantly greater on clay models placed at the lower canopy level than on those placed at the intermediate and upper canopy levels in the choice and no-choice experiments (P < 0.05). Thus, predators are more likely to find their prey at the soil level. This information can be used to refine management strategies, such as mowing height and insecticide use for effectively managing soil-borne and foliar-feeding arthropod pests and beneficial arthropods.

Many predatory arthropods occur naturally in turfgrass, and they provide adequate control of lepidopteran pests, such as fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Recording predation is challenging under field conditions because predators rarely leave any evidence. Clay models were successfully employed for studying predation, and this technique is underutilized in turfgrass. Little is known about whether the characteristics of clay models, such as color, shape, and size, influence arthropod interactions in turfgrass. To improve the utility of clay models in turfgrass, the influence of the color, shape, and size of clay models on arthropod interactions was studied by exposing clay models during daytime and nighttime in a turfgrass field. The results showed that arthropods interacted with clay models, and various types of impressions were recorded, including paired marks, scratches, cuts, and pricks. Although the color of the clay model had no significant effects on arthropod interactions during the night, significantly greater numbers of impressions were noticed on the blue and green models than on the yellow models during the daytime. The caterpillar-shaped models captured significantly greater densities of impressions than the beetle-shaped models. Additionally, the number of impressions significantly increased with an increase in the size of the model regardless of shape.

Healthcare is a multi-actor environment that requires independent actors to have a different view of the same data, hence leading to different access rights. Ciphertext Policy-Attribute-based Encryption (CP-ABE) provides a one-to-many access control mechanism by defining an attribute’s policy over ciphertext. Although, all users satisfying the policy are given access to the same data, this limits its usage in the provision of hierarchical access control and in situations where different users/actors need to have granular access of the data. Moreover, most of the existing CP-ABE schemes either provide static access control or in certain cases the policy update is computationally intensive involving all non-revoked users to actively participate. Aiming to tackle both the challenges, this paper proposes a patient-centric multi message CP-ABE scheme with efficient policy update. Firstly, a general overview of the system architecture implementing the proposed access control mechanism is presented. Thereafter, for enforcing access control a concrete cryptographic construction is proposed and implemented/tested over the physiological data gathered from a healthcare sensor: shimmer sensor. The experiment results reveal that the proposed construction has constant computational cost in both encryption and decryption operations and generates constant size ciphertext for both the original policy and its update parameters. Moreover, the scheme is proven to be selectively secure in the random oracle model under the q-Bilinear Diffie Hellman Exponent (q-BDHE) assumption. Performance analysis of the scheme depicts promising results for practical real-world healthcare applications.