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Himalayan regions are among the richest biodiversity reservoirs in the world which contains many eco-regions and protected areas. The present research work was designed to investigate forest resource utilization by local population of Musk Deer National Park (MDNP), Western Himalayas, in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The data about resource utilizations by local communities were assessed through socio-economic survey in 12 villages. A total of 255 respondents were interviewed. Result revealed that most (44.12%) of the local people relied on forest resources for medicinal uses followed by vegetable collection (17.19%) and fodder extraction (16.10%). In the study area, a total of 109 plant species belonging to 52 families were widely used as medicine, human food (vegetables), fodder (animal food), timber wood and fuel wood by the people of MDNP. The highest number of plant species belonging to family Asteraceae, followed by families Polygonaceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae. In the present study, 4 different indices were used on the basis of informant consensus for statistical analysis. Each index aimed to determine the cultural significance of a plant species. We emphasized on cultural importance index because it counts the number of uses of a plant species, highly correlated with frequency of citation, and its versatility. Our result showed a significant correlation between numbers of uses (NU), frequency of citation (FC) and semi structural interview that it is still a useful method for compilation study of passive knowledge. The present study revealed that the local knowledge provides new perceptions and opportunities for sustainable and multipurpose use of ecosystem services and offer current approaches for preserving cultural and ecological diversity. From the present study, it is suggested that the protected area should be at the core of national and international effort to conserve nature and their resource that provide benefits us.

Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are common among patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is a lack of information about DTPs and its predictors among CKD patients from Pakistan. To evaluate the frequency, type and predictors of various types of DTPs among CKD patients at a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan. This was a cross-sectional study carried out at Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta between 1-11-2020 and 31-1-2021. It included 303 non-dialysis ambulatory patients of CKD-stage 3 and above. Cipolle et al., criterion was used for classifying the DTPs and a clinician at the study site checked the identified DTPs for accuracy. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23. Multivariate analysis was conducted to find the predictors of individual types of DTPs. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The patients received a total of 2265 drugs with a median of eight drugs per patient (range: 3-15 drugs). A total of 576 DTPs were identified among 86.1% patients with a median of two DTPs (interquartile range 1-3) per patient. Dosage too high (53.5%) was the most common DTP followed by adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (50.5%) and need of additional drug therapy (37.6%). In multivariate analysis, patients' age of >40 years emerged as a predictor of unnecessary drug therapy and dosage too high. The odds of needing a different drug product was significantly high in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The dosage too low had significant association with CVD. The risk of ADRs was significantly high in elderly patients (>60 years) and those with CVD. The presence of hypertension, DM and CKD stage-5 emerged as predictors of dosage too high. This study revealed a high prevalence of DTPs among CKD patients. Targeted interventions in high risk patients may reduce the frequency of DTPs at the study site.

BackgroundDespite oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution being a life-saving medication, mothers of affected children often lack proper knowledge and exhibit improper practice of using ORS in sachets. We aimed to assess maternal knowledge, attitude and practice towards commercially available ORS and its use in treating under-5 children with diarrhoea.MethodsThe study was conducted at the Dhaka Hospital, Bangladesh. We included 350 mothers of under-5 children suffering from diarrhoea. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire and modified Bloom’s cut-off was used to determine adequate knowledge (≥80%), positive attitude (≥90%) and proper practice (≥75%). Logistic regression models were developed after adjusting for confounding variables. Adjusted ORs (AORs) and their 95% CIs were reported.ResultsThe prevalence of inadequate knowledge, negative attitude and improper practice was 88.0%, 59.1% and 72.5%, respectively. Participants with up to the higher secondary level of education had significantly higher odds of possessing adequate knowledge (AOR 7.47; 95% CI 2.76 to 20.12) and following proper practice (AOR 3.04; 95% CI 1.66 to 5.77). The majority (97.4%) reported being aware of the process of ORS preparation. Only 2.9% correctly knew all recommended steps. Approximately half (51.1%) knew the purpose of ORS use, and 24.6% believed that antibiotics are more helpful than ORS.ConclusionsThe findings of the study emphasise the need for substantial improvements to the existing health education program with a focus on parental education. Emphasis should be given to reading instruction on the sachet and promoting access to information via mass media outlets.

Background Patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) are susceptible to the toxic drug effects if given unadjusted doses. Although Pakistan harbors a high burden of CKD patients, there is limited information available on the frequency, pattern and factors associated with unadjusted drug doses among CKD patients. Methods This cross-sectional study conducted at Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta included 303 non-dialysis ambulatory CKD patients (glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73m 2 ). The patients’ data were collected through a purpose designed data collection form. The appropriateness of doses was checked against the renal drug handbook-2018, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome s guidelines, British National Formulary-2022, and manufacturer leaflets. Data were analysed by SPSS 23 and multiple binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the factors associated with receiving inappropriate high doses. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The patients received a total of 2265 prescription lines, with a median of eight different drugs per patient (interquartile range: 6–9 drugs). A total of 34.5% (783/2265) drugs required dose adjustment. Of these, doses were not adjusted for 56.1% (440) drugs in 162 (53.4%) patients. The most common pharmacological class of drugs requiring dose adjustment were antibiotics (79.1%), followed by antidiabetics (59.2%), diuretics (57.0%), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (56.9%), beta blockers (56.9%), analgesics (56.0%), angiotensin receptor blockers (55.2%), domperidone (53.9%) and antihyperlipidmics (46.1%). Patient’s age of 41–60 (OR = 5.76) and > 60 years (OR = 9.49), hypertension (OR = 2.68), diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.47) and cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.82) had statistically significant association (p-value < 0.05) with inappropriate high doses. Conclusion The high frequency of inappropriate high doses suggests an important quality gap in medication dosing for patients with ND-CKD at the study site. Special attention should be paid to the drugs and patients with identified risk factors for receiving inappropriate high doses.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the application of Phase Change Material (PCM) in a solar panel cooling system, focusing on its potential to enhance efficiency and power output. This is an important study of solar powered ships and boats in marine environment. The study employs a methodology, involving experimental measurements and data analysis, to evaluate the performance of the PCM-based cooling system. The results reveal a substantial reduction in solar panel temperature (up to 12°C), leading to significant improvements in efficiency and power output. Notably, PCM exhibits consistent performance across various environmental conditions, including different months and ambient temperatures. Paraffin wax with a melting temperature of 37°C is used as PCM, integrated with the Photo Voltaic (PV) panel.This research highlights the benefits and potential applications of PCM in solar panel cooling systems, demonstrating its ability to mitigate temperature-related losses and enhance overall solar panel performance. The findings have important implications for the design and optimization of solar panel systems, as well as thermal energy storage and renewable energy systems. The efficiency of solar panels has improved by 1.1%. using PCM material i.e. paraffin wax. This research targeting the Oman vision 2040 towards sustainable environment. This study also aims toward the united nation’s sustainable development goal of affordable and clean energy.

The book examines the challenges and limits of contemporary ijtihad in the context of diverse needs of Muslim cultures and communities living in Muslim and non-Muslim nations and continents, including Europe and North America.

Additive manufacturing and especially 3D printing is a strong-growing technology which allows the creation of detailed and customizable parts for many different uses. The quality and strength of these parts largely depend on settings like the size of the nozzle used during printing. 3D printing plays an important role in marine engineering by making it easier to create lightweight, durable parts that can be customized for ships and underwater equipment. This study shows the impact of nozzle size on the final printed parts. The results show that smaller nozzles increase pressure inside the printer, while the choice of nozzle material should depend on the type of filament used for printing. Layer thickness of the filament has a lot of impact on how smooth the surface of the printed object turns out. Filaments with strong mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, stiffness, durability, and high melting points tend to produce better quality prints. These findings help guide users in selecting the right settings to improve both the strength and appearance of 3D printed parts.

Composite materials, particularly glass fiber-reinforced polymers, are widely used in marine engineering due to their lightweight, high-strength, and corrosion-resistant properties. These materials are commonly employed in the construction of hulls, decks, and superstructures, improving vessel performance and durability in harsh marine environments. With ongoing advancements in materials science and a growing demand for lightweight, high-performance materials, the use of components like polyethylene reinforced with glass fibers has increased significantly. This study focuses on a detailed analysis of glass fiber-reinforced linear low-density polyurethane composites. To evaluate the material properties, standard manufacturing techniques such as extrusion and injection molding were employed. The study also examines the interaction between the polymer matrix and the glass fibers, highlighting how each influences the other’s performance. Notches of varying depths—0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm—were introduced. The results show that as the notch size increases, the tensile strength of the composite decreases, while thermal properties improve. Additionallyr, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) increases as the glass fiber content rises from 41.10 °C to 41.60°C. Additionally, the effect of different glass fiber percentages within the polymer matrix on the overall mechanical and thermal performance of the composite was thoroughly investigated.

The ecological and economical concerns have given rise to the application of solar photovoltaic (PV) system in the community to meet the increased load demands on its own. Owing to the varying output of solar PV modules depending on the weather conditions, the efficiency of system is degraded and thus requires using maximum power point (MPP) tracking technique for utmost power extraction. The MPP methods can be realized both mechanically or electrically using suitable converter topology and appropriate tracking algorithm. However, the mechanical tracker in contrast to electrical circuit is immoderate and inefficient and conversely necessitates to exercise effective and promising power tracking algorithm. This research proposes to implement the perturb and observe (P and O) algorithm for MPPT in charge controller using buck–boost converter to attain desired and optimized results. The use of buck–boost DC–DC converter helps in stepping up/down the voltage level as per requirements under the control of P and O algorithm. Having optimized tracker designed, its performance has been tested at different levels of irradiance and temperature principally with load and battery. Further, the results obtained from simulated scenarios are compared with real-time experiments, which confirm the robustness and effectiveness of proposed MPPT method in solar PV system using P and O algorithm and buck–boost converter.

A Theory of International Terrorism studies Islamic militancy in the geopolitical contexts of Chechnya, Kashmir, Palestine, and the September 11 attacks on the United States.These contexts have shaped a global ontology of Islamic terrorism, which asserts that puritan Islam is inherently violent and Muslim militants are addicted to carnage.