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The bioconvection flow of tiny fluid conveying the nanoparticles has been investigated between two concentric cylinders. The contribution of Lorenz force is also focused to inspect the bioconvection thermal transport of tiny particles. The tiny particles are assumed to flow between two concentric cylinders of different radii. The first cylinder remains at rest while flow is induced due to second cylinder which rotates with uniform velocity. Furthermore, the movement of tiny particles follows the principle of thermophoresis and Brownian motion as a part of thermal and mass gradient. Similarly, the gyro-tactic microorganisms swim in the nanofluid as a response to the density gradient and constitute bio-convection. The problem is modeled by using the certain laws. The numerical outcomes are computed by using RKF -45 method. The graphical simulations are performed for flow parameters with specific range like 1≤Re≤5, 1≤ Ha ≤5, 0.5≤ Nt ≤2.5, 1≤ Nb ≤3, 0.2≤ Sc ≤1.8, 0.2≤ Pe ≤1.0 and 0.2≤Ω≤1.0. It is observed that the flow velocity decreases with the increase in the Hartmann number that signifies the magnetic field. This outcome indicates that the flow velocity can be controlled externally through the magnetic field. Also, the increase in the Schmidt numbers increases the nanoparticle concentration and the motile density.

Plant-based food materials (PBFMs) such as fruits and vegetables contain various irregular cellular compartments. Like other engineering materials, the characterisation of micromechanical properties (MMPs) of PBFMs is intensely important for accurately estimating the functionality of dried food products. The application of a machine learning (ML)–based approach to characterise the MMPs is a promising idea. However, no intensive research in this regard has been attempted yet. Therefore, we proposed an ML-based modelling framework to characterise the MMPs of PBFMs during drying. A feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) model with a backpropagation algorithm was developed and optimised with a genetic algorithm (GA)–based optimisation tool for characterising PBFMs, specifically carrots. Moreover, the accuracy of the ANN model was compared with a multiple nonlinear regression (MNLR) model. It was found that the developed network model agreed very well with the experimental data when predicting the elastic modulus, stiffness and hardness, with an accuracy of the goodness of fit (R2) values of 0.992, 0.993 and 0.802, respectively. It is expected that the developed model has incredible potential to characterise the MMPs of similar food products.

While not the first time, S. Typhi has challenged the global public health community, the current episode has highlighted the need for comprehensive typhoid fever prevention measures.2 Disease burden Estimates indicate an annual 14·3 million cases of typhoid and 116,000 deaths [5]. Previous programs identified paucity of global policy, fragile health systems, and inadequate planning, funding, and decision-making procedures as the principal impediments to vaccine introduction [9]. With the risks for increasing mortality and morbidity from multi-drug resistant typhoid fever, now is the time for a global and local synergy to ensure adoption, implementation, and sustainability of comprehensive and integrated WASH and TCV programs [16].Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Iron and folic acid deficiency is a significant public health concern, especially in low and middle‐income countries, particularly among women of reproductive age, leading to adverse maternal and child health outcomes. In Pakistan, approximately 41.7% of women of reproductive age have iron deficiency. For this research, we conducted 33 key informant interviews and 32 focus group discussions with stakeholders from all four provinces and the two federally administered regions of Pakistan for in‐depth and representative bottleneck assessment. The modified Tanahashi model was used to inform the determinant codes and for coding reliability thematic analysis using NVivo 14. On the supply side, barriers relate to effective forecasting, procurement, and distribution of Iron Folic Acid supplements to the recipients. The demand–supply gap widened due to the supply bottlenecks, impacting the community's trust in the frontline health worker. These factors were gravely impacted by the governance challenges of ensuring sustainable funds, minimizing bureaucratic and procedural delays, and eliminating political pressure. Affordability of Iron Folic Acid and conservative social norms influenced the demand and awareness of Iron Folic Acid and nutritional knowledge among the target population. The stakeholder recommendations emphasize the need for intersectoral collaboration, mass media campaigns, frequent capacity building and incentivizing of healthcare workers, engagement of key community stakeholders, digitizing the health system, improvement in supply chain mechanism, and investment in small‐scale innovative solutions. Iron and folic acid deficiency is a significant public health concern, especially in low and middle‐income countries, particularly among women of reproductive age, leading to adverse maternal and child health outcomes. The modified Tanahashi model was used to inform the determinant codes and for coding reliability thematic analysis using NVivo 14. On the supply side, barriers relate to effective forecasting, procurement, and distribution of Iron Folic Acid supplements to the recipients. The demand–supply gap widened due to the supply bottlenecks, impacting the community's trust in the frontline health worker. Summary Trust in lady health workers (LHWs) is inadvertently compromised due to IFA stockouts and procurement delays based on population demands, significantly affecting the acceptability, uptake, and adherence to IFA supplements. Patriarchal norms and male‐dominated decision‐making affect women's access to IFA, whereby counseling sessions are often perceived as ineffective. Inadequate motivation, resources, and supportive supervision hinder effective coverage in LHW‐covered areas, while nutritional activities in uncovered areas suffer from inconsistent funding and lack of a legislative framework. Bureaucratic and funding challenges, along with existing policies, impact the tracking, registration, and supplementation of these communities' nutritional needs.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare, but nearly uniformly fatal disease that is typically resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Alternative strategies to target this cancer at a molecular level are necessary in order to improve dismal outcomes for ATC patients. We examined the effects of flavopiridol, a CDK inhibitor, in a panel of ATC cell lines. When cell lines were treated over a ten-point concentration range, CAL62, KMH2 and BHT-101 cell lines had a sub micromolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration, while no effect was seen in the non-cancerous cell line IMR-90. Flavopiridol treatment resulted in decreased levels of the cell cycle proteins CDK9 and MCL1, and induced cell cycle arrest. Flavopiridol also decreased the in vitro ability of ATC cells to form colonies and impeded migration using a transwell migration assay. In vivo, flavopiridol decreased tumor weight and tumor volume over time in a patient-derived xenograft model of ATC. Given the observed in vitro and in vivo activity, flavopiridol warrants further investigation for treatment of ATC.

The present study investigated the influence of nanoscale residual stress depth gradients on the nano-mechanical behavior and adhesion energy of aluminium nitride (AlN) and Al/AlN sputtered thin films on a (100) silicon substrate. By using a focused ion beam (FIB) incremental ring-core method, the residual stress depth gradient was assessed in the films in comparison with standard curvature residual stress measurements. The adhesion energy was then quantified by using a nanoindentation-based model. Results showed that the addition of an aluminum layer gave rise to additional tensile stress at the coating/substrate interface, which can be explained in terms of the differences of thermal expansion coefficients with the silicon substrate. Therefore, the coatings without the Al layer showed better adhesion because of a more homogeneous compressive residual stress in comparison with the coating having the Al layer, even though both groups of coatings were produced under the same bias voltage. Results are discussed, and some general suggestions are made on the correlation between coating/substrate property combinations and the adhesion energy of multilayer stacks. The results suggested that the Al bond layer and inhomogeneous residual stresses negatively affected the adhesion of AlN to a substrate such as silicon.

. Analysis of irreversibility in flow by a stretchable surface has gained much consideration in recent years. Entropy optimization properly computes the second law thermodynamic irreversibilities. Therefore, deterioration of entropy proficiency results in a more useful energy transport process. In this article, a physical aspect of irreversibility in radiative flow of viscous material with quartic autocatalysis chemical reaction is addressed. The flow is discussed between two stretchable rotating disks. Heat transfer occurring in this physical problem is modelled through thermal radiation, Joule heating and viscous dissipation. This is the first time the concept of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions has been studied with entropy generation. The nonlinear flow expressions are made dimensionless. The obtained equations are then tackled through the homotopy concept. The analysis discloses that the radiation parameter and Eckert number play a vital role in the enhancement of temperature field. The tangential velocity decreases versus the magnetic parameter. The radial component of velocity boosts close to lower disks and it decreases near the upper disks versus the Reynolds number. The variations in the Nusselt number and skin friction are presented graphically with various emerging variables. It is noticed that entropy rate can be controlled by minimizing the impact of Brinkman and Reynolds numbers.

Similar to other developing countries, Pakistan is going through a rapid nutrition transition where shift from underweight to overweight and obesity is occurring. In this paper, we report on the relationship of household socioeconomic position (SEP), community SEP and urbanicity with under- and over-weight categories of BMI among Pakistani women. We analyzed data on 4,767 women ages 15-49 years enrolled in a nationally representative Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) conducted in 2012-13 that employed a multistage, stratified cluster sampling design. We assessed the association of urbanicity, household and community SEP derived from household assets and utilities, with categories of body mass index (BMI) using multinomial regression analysis where normal weight (BMI 18.6-22.5) was the reference category. Thirteen percent of women were underweight (BMI <18.5), 15% pre-overweight (BMI: 22.6-24.9), 25% overweight (BMI: 25.0-29.9) and 14% were obese (BMI≥30). Pre-overweight, overweight and obesity among women increased across household wealth quintiles (HWQs) in a graded fashion whereas there was no significant difference in underweight by household wealth. Women in urban areas were more likely to be obese. There was a pronounced increase in adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for overweight/obesity across HWQs within urban areas compared to rural areas. There was a steeper gradient in aORs for obesity from 1st to 5th HWQs in high income communities compared to the middle- and low income communities. In community-level analyses, communities in urban areas were more likely to have higher levels of obesity while in rural areas, especially in Sindh, more communities were more likely to have a higher level of underweight. A shift to higher overweight and obesity than underweight in Pakistan is associated with high household and community wealth as well as living in urban areas. Clustering of obesity and underweight in distinct communities afford opportunity for tailored intervention programs.