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This study delves into the complex dynamics of ethical leadership’s influence on employees’ pro-social rule-breaking behavior, taking into account the mediating role of psychological capital and the moderating effect of moral identity. Using data collected from nursing staff in Pakistani hospitals and analyzed through PLS SEM, the study yielded unexpected results. Contrary to the initial hypotheses, the findings reveal a positive relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ pro-social rule-breaking behavior within organizational settings. Furthermore, the study identifies psychological capital as a key mediator in this relationship, while moral identity emerges as a crucial moderator. These results challenge the conventional perception of ethical leadership as an exclusively positive form of leadership and underscore its unintended consequences. Moreover, they underscore the significance of employees’ psychological processes and individual differences in unraveling this paradoxical relationship. These results have the potential to reshape how organizations view ethical leadership and consider the unintended outcomes it may generate. Future research can build upon these findings to explore the boundaries and contextual factors that influence the effects of ethical leadership, ultimately contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of leadership dynamics in diverse organizational settings.

Drought stress is a major environmental concern that limits crop growth on a large scale around the world. Significant efforts are required to overcome this issue in order to improve crop production. Therefore, the exciting role of beneficial microorganisms under stress conditions needs to be deeply explored. In this study, the role of two biotic entities, i.e., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomus versiforme) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, Bacillus methylotrophicus) inoculation in drought tolerance of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), was investigated. The present results showed that drought stress considerably reduced tobacco plant’s growth and their physiological attributes. However, the plants co-inoculated with AMF and PGPR showed higher drought tolerance by bringing up significant improvement in the growth and biomass of tobacco plants. Moreover, the co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR considerably increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophylls, carotenoids, photosynthesis, and PSII efficiency by 96.99%, 76.90%, and 67.96% and 56.88%, 53.22%, and 33.43% under drought stress conditions, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that drought stress enhanced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. However, the co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR reduced the electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation and significantly enhanced the accumulation of phenols and flavonoids by 57.85% and 71.74%. Similarly, the antioxidant enzymatic activity and the plant nutrition status were also considerably improved in co-inoculated plants under drought stress. Additionally, the AMF and PGPR inoculation also enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations by 67.71% and 54.41% in the shoots of tobacco plants. The current findings depicted that inoculation of AMF and PGPR (alone or in combination) enhanced the growth and mitigated the photosynthetic alteration with the consequent up-regulation of secondary metabolism, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant system.

Abiotic stresses hamper plant growth and productivity. Climate change and agricultural malpractices like excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides have aggravated the effects of abiotic stresses on crop productivity and degraded the ecosystem. There is an urgent need for environment-friendly management techniques such as the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for enhancing crop productivity. AMF are commonly known as bio-fertilizers. Moreover, it is widely believed that the inoculation of AMF provides tolerance to host plants against various stressful situations like heat, salinity, drought, metals, and extreme temperatures. AMF may both assist host plants in the up-regulation of tolerance mechanisms and prevent the down-regulation of key metabolic pathways. AMF, being natural root symbionts, provide essential plant inorganic nutrients to host plants, thereby improving growth and yield under unstressed and stressed regimes. The role of AMF as a bio-fertilizer can potentially strengthen plants' adaptability to changing environment. Thus, further research focusing on the AMF-mediated promotion of crop quality and productivity is needed. The present review provides a comprehensive up-to-date knowledge on AMF and their influence on host plants at various growth stages, their advantages and applications, and consequently the importance of the relationships of different plant nutrients with AMF.

Background: Monitoring training load in youth athletes is essential for optimizing performance and reducing injury risk, yet limited research has examined how anthropometric characteristics influence load tolerance in badminton. This study investigated the association between training load measures and anthropometric profiles in competitive youth players. Methods: Fifty male and female athletes participated, with external workload captured via accelerometer sensors and anthropometric assessments conducted following standardized protocols. Louvain clustering was applied to classify players into different load groups, while multinomial logistic regression (MLR) identified key predictors of load classification. Results: Louvain clustering revealed three distinct load groups i.e., High Load (HL), Moderate Load (ML), and Low Load (LL) groups, reflecting natural patterns in external workload distribution. The MLR analysis demonstrated that height, weight, and leg length were significant predictors of load classification. Taller and heavier players were more likely to belong to the HL group, while longer leg length was positively associated with ML classification, potentially linked to stride mechanics and movement economy. Other circumferential measures (waist, hip, MUAC) showed minimal impact, and years of playing experience did not significantly predict load tolerance. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the value of combining network-based clustering with multivariate modeling to capture complex athlete load interactions. Practically, the results suggest that specific anthropometric traits particularly stature, body mass, and limb length, play an important role in shaping athletes’ ability to sustain training loads. Integrating individualized anthropometric assessment into load monitoring can support evidence-based coaching strategies that enhance performance and mitigate injury risk in developing badminton players. Antecedentes: El monitoreo de la carga de entrenamiento en atletas juveniles es esencial para optimizar el rendimiento y reducir el riesgo de lesiones; sin embargo, existe investigación limitada sobre cómo las características antropométricas influyen en la tolerancia a la carga en el bádminton. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre las medidas de carga de entrenamiento y los perfiles antropométricos en jugadores juveniles competitivos. Métodos: Participaron cincuenta atletas, hombres y mujeres, con la carga externa registrada mediante sensores acelerométricos y evaluaciones antropométricas realizadas bajo protocolos estandarizados. Se aplicó el algoritmo de clustering Louvain para clasificar a los jugadores en diferentes grupos de carga, mientras que la regresión logística multinomial (RLM) identificó los predictores clave de la clasificación de carga. Resultados: El clustering Louvain reveló tres grupos de carga distintos: Alta (HL), Moderada (ML) y Baja (LL), reflejando patrones naturales en la distribución de la carga externa. El análisis de RLM mostró que la estatura, el peso corporal y la longitud de pierna fueron predictores significativos de la clasificación. Los jugadores más altos y pesados tendieron a pertenecer al grupo HL, mientras que una mayor longitud de pierna se asoció positivamente con la clasificación ML, posiblemente vinculada a la mecánica de zancada y la economía del movimiento. Otras medidas circunferenciales (cintura, cadera, perímetro braquial medio) tuvieron un impacto mínimo, y los años de experiencia no predijeron significativamente la tolerancia a la carga. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos subrayan el valor de combinar técnicas de clustering basadas en redes con modelos multivariados para capturar interacciones complejas en la carga del atleta. En la práctica, los resultados sugieren que ciertos rasgos antropométricos, particularmente la estatura, la masa corporal y la longitud de las extremidades, desempeñan un papel importante en la capacidad de los atletas para sostener cargas de entrenamiento. La integración de evaluaciones antropométricas individualizadas en el monitoreo de carga puede respaldar estrategias de entrenamiento basadas en evidencia que potencien el rendimiento y reduzcan el riesgo de lesiones en jugadores juveniles de bádminton. Enquadramento: A monitorização da carga de treino em atletas juvenis é essencial para otimizar o desempenho e reduzir o risco de lesões; No entanto, existe uma investigação limitada sobre a forma como as características antropométricas influenciam a tolerância à carga no badminton. Este estúdio investigou a associação entre as medidas de carga de treino e os perfis antropométricos em jugadores juvenis de competição. Métodos: Participação de cinco atletas, homens e mulheres, com carga externa registada através de sensores acelerométricos e avaliações antropométricas realizadas sob protocolos padronizados. Se aplicou o algoritmo de clustering Louvain para classificar os jogadores em diferentes grupos de carga, enquanto a regressão logística multinomial (RLM) identificava os preditores chave da classificação de carga. Resultados: O cluster Louvain revelou três grupos de carga distintos: Alta (HL), Moderada (ML) e Baja (LL), refletindo padrões naturais na distribuição da carga externa. A análise de RLM mostrou que a estatura, o peso corporal e a longitude de piercing foram preditores significativos da classificação. Os jogadores mais altos e pesados ​​​​tendiam a pertencer ao grupo HL, enquanto uma grande longitude de pedra se associava positivamente à classificação ML, possivelmente ligada à mecânica de zancada e à economia de movimento. Outras medidas circunferenciais (cintura, cadeia, perímetro braquial médio) tiveram um impacto mínimo, e os anos de experiência não predizeram significativamente a tolerância à carga. Conclusão: Estes hallazgos subrayan o valor de combinar técnicas de clustering baseadas em redes com modelos multivariados para capturar interações complexas na carga do atleta. Na prática, os resultados sugerem que certos rasgos antropométricos, especialmente a estatura, a massa corporal e a longitude das extremidades, desempenham um papel importante na capacidade dos atletas para sustentar as cargas de treino. A integração de avaliações antropométricas individualizadas na monitorização da carga pode suportar estratégias de treino baseadas na evidência de que potencia o desempenho e reduz o risco de lesão em jogadores de badminton juvenis.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major pulse crop worldwide, renowned for its nutritional richness and adaptability. Weeds are the main biotic factor deteriorating chickpea yield and nutritional quality, especially Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. The present study concerns a two-year (2018–19 and 2019–20) field trial aiming at evaluating the effect of weed management on chickpea grain quality. Several weed management practices have been here implemented under a factorial randomized complete block design, including the application of four herbicides [bromoxynil (C7H3Br2NO) + MCPA (Methyl-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) (C9H9ClO3), fluroxypyr + MCPA, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (C18H16ClNO5), pendimethalin (C13H19N3O4)], the extracts from two allelopathic weeds (Sorghum halepense and Cyperus rotundus), two mulches (wheat straw and eucalyptus leaves), a combination of A. tenuifolius extract and pendimethalin, and an untreated check (control). Chickpea grain quality was measured in terms of nitrogen, crude protein, crude fat, ash, and oil content. The herbicides pendimethalin (Stomp 330 EC (emulsifiable concentrate) in pre-emergence at a rate of 2.5 L ha−1) and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (Puma Super 7.5 EW (emulsion in water) in post-emergence at a rate of 1.0 L ha−1), thanks to A. tenuifolius control, showed outstanding performance, providing the highest dietary quality of chickpea grain. The herbicides Stomp 330 EC, Buctril Super 40 EC, Starane-M 50 EC, and Puma Super 7.5 EW provided the highest levels of nitrogen. Outstanding increases in crude protein content were observed with all management strategies, particularly with Stomp 330 EC and Puma Super 7.5 EW (+18% on average). Ash content was highly elevated by Stomp 330 EC and Puma Super 7.5 EW, along with wheat straw mulching, reaching levels of 2.96% and 2.94%. Crude fat content experienced consistent elevations across all treatments, with the highest improvements achieved by Stomp 330 EC, Puma Super 7.5 EW, and wheat straw mulching applications. While 2018–19 displayed no significant oil content variations, 2019–20 revealed the highest oil content (5.97% and 5.96%) with herbicides Stomp 330 EC and Puma Super 7.5 EW, respectively, followed by eucalyptus leaves mulching (5.82%). The results here obtained are of key importance in the agricultural and food sector for the sustainable enhancement of chickpea grain’s nutritional quality without impacting the environment.

Globally, green consumption behavior has radically changed green product lifecycles as well as green product branding to eliminate the environmental impact of global tourism. The purpose of the current study is to examine green consumption intention in the hospitality and tourism industry as an outcome of green supply chain management and strategic green marketing orientation. It also aims to investigate the green brand image and green social responsibility in a mediated-moderation mechanism to induce green consumption. Based on the deductive approach, and cross-sectional quantitative data of 317 hotel visitors/guests in the northern tourism hotspots in Pakistan, the hypothesized relationships were tested through the structural equation modeling technique with partial least squares. The findings empirically establish that green supply chain management and strategic green marketing orientation have positive and significant effects on green consumption intention. Further, environmental concern (i.e., green image) partially mediates the relationship between strategic green marketing orientation, green supply chain management, and green consumption behavior. The results also revealed that brand social responsibility does not moderate green image and green consumption behavior. These stimulating new findings guided by the signaling theory, provide strategic insights that help to upgrade the tourism supply chains and enabling them to become green.

Despite the widely recognized positive nature of ethical leadership, recent studies have reported inconsistent findings in the link between ethical leadership and employees’ behavior. Drawing on the social cognitive theory, this study seeks to address this gap by investigating the paradoxical influence of ethical leadership on unethical pro-organizational behavior among employees. Additionally, the study aims to explore the mediating mechanism of employees’ psychological capital and the moderating effect of moral identity. Three time intervals data were collected from nursing professional from public and private hospitals in Pakistan. The data were evaluated employing PLS SEM. Interestingly, the findings contradict the hypothesis and demonstrate a positive link between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior among employees. Moreover, the relationship is mediated by employees’ psychological capital. Furthermore, employees’ moral identity moderates this relationship. These findings furnish important insights into the paradoxical impact of ethical leadership within organizations and challenge its universal perception of positive leadership style having significant theoretical and practical implications.

In this paper, we analyze the family of three-dimensional Wazwaz-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (3-D WBBM) equations using the generalized Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. Understanding complicated wave patterns is critical, therefore, the family of 3-D WBBM equations is a valuable mathematical model with application in fluid mechanics, plasma dynamics, biomechanics, and engineering sciences. The main objective of this study is to build several new multiple wave form solutions for the nonlinear three-dimensional Wazwaz-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (3-D WBBM) equations. By first using the travelling wave transformation, the nonlinear partial differential equation is transformed into an ordinary differential equation. Then the generalized Jacobi elliptic function expansion method is used to execute a finite series expansion of degree n. Due to this analytical method, we obtained numerous new exact solutions, including periodic solutions in Jacobi elliptic function forms and their corresponding Solitary and shock wave solutions in a limit convergence sense when the modulus parameter m approaches 1 and 0. These results are particularly useful for nonlinear science and mathematical physics professionals, since they provide important insights into the structure and evolution of nonlinear waves in a variety of physical circumstances. To improve the physical description of the solutions, several typical wave profiles are offered to provide a comprehensive analysis of the wave characteristics of the solutions in 2-D, 3-D, and contour visualizations were generated using accurate parameters value with the help of Mathematica. Moreover, by generating novel and accurate propagating soliton waveform solutions, the generalized Jacobi elliptic function expansion methods highlight its importance in uncovering key aspects of the model behaviours as well as suggesting potential applications in the study of water waves.

In this paper, we investigate exact analytical solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg–de Vries (CmKdV) system using the truncated M-fractional derivative together with the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. The CmKdV system plays a central role in modeling nonlinear wave propagation in optics, plasma physics, and fluid dynamics. By applying the truncated M-fractional derivative, the system is transformed into a more tractable form, enabling the effective use of the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method to construct exact soliton and periodic wave solutions. The results offer deeper insight into the system’s nonlinear dynamics and highlight the robustness of the proposed method. Graphical simulations generated in Mathematica illustrate the physical behavior of the obtained solutions across multiple dimensions, such as two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and contour, and the influence of time on the wave propagations. Overall, combining the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method and truncated M-fractional derivatives creates a strong framework for solving complex differential equations, leading to new possibilities. Opportunities for research and development exist. This research adds to our understanding of the (2+1)-dimensional complex modified Korteweg-de Vries (CmKdV) system and demonstrates how theoretical mathematics can be applied to real concerns. Mathematical modeling and computational visualization can significantly impact engineering and science, and our findings promote a multidisciplinary approach to research.

This paper aims to investigate the impact of spirituality on the psychological well-being of the consumers involved in reusing as sustainable consumption behavior (SCB). In addition to this, the study also investigates the mediating effect of reusing as SCB between spirituality and psychological well-being. The moderating effect of religiosity has also been taken into account while studying the relationship between spirituality and reusing. A survey was conducted to collect the data from clothing industry consumers using a structured questionnaire and employing a convenience sampling approach. PLS-SEM was used to analyze the useable data of 286 respondents. Results validate that spirituality has a positive and significant effect on psychological well-being. Further, reusing (SCB) was found to be a significant mediator, also the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between spirituality and reusing was significant and high. This study contributes to the existing literature by concentrating on predictors that undermine psychological well-being. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the early studies to contribute to the literature by investigating the impact of spirituality on consumer psychological well-being specifically reusing (SCB) as a mediator between the two constructs. Further, it also investigated the moderating impact of religiosity on the relationship between spirituality and reusing. Research findings have implications for researchers, policymakers, marketers, ecologists, social activists, and practitioners. For research students, such contribution will bring a new avenue to consider further research. Managers will find help to control such factors which induce reusing and increase psychological well-being.