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\"Ghalib: Selections from His Urdu Poetry and Prose is an accessible and wide-ranging introduction to the preeminent Indian Urdu-language poet, Mirza Asadullah Khan \"Ghalib\" (1797-1869). Ghalib remains one of the most popular and influential Urdu-language poets. He also wrote in Persian. Beginning with a critical introduction, which introduces Ghalib and his work to non-specialists, Frances Pritchett and Owen Cornwall then present a selection of Ghazals--the classic Urdu poetic form for which Ghalib was most famous--his poetry in other forms; little-known letters; and an introduction to an Urdu romance. The careful translations--more true to the originals than prior translations--will allow readers with little or no knowledge of Persian or Urdu to appreciate the lyricism of the original languages. Moreover, the annotations flesh out the nuances of meaning and other finer details of the poetry. The book also includes a glossary and a selection of Ghalib's comments on his own verses. The Urdu text of the poetry is included.\"-- Provided by publisher

Ethidium monoazide (EMA) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR and DNase treatment in combination with qPCR were compared for the determination of microbial cell viability. Additionally, varying EMA and PMA concentrations were analysed to determine which dye and concentration allowed for the optimal identification of viable cells. Viable, heat treated (70 °C for 15 min) and autoclaved cultures of Legionella pneumophila , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were utilised in the respective viability assays. Analysis of the viable and heat-treated samples indicated that variable log reductions were recorded for both EMA [log reductions ranging from 0.01 to 2.71 (viable) and 0.27 to 2.85 (heat treated)], PMA [log reductions ranging from 0.06 to 1.02 (viable) and 0.62 to 2.46 (heat treated)] and DNase treatment [log reductions ranging from 0.06 to 0.82 (viable) and 0.70 to 2.91 (heat treated)], in comparison to the no viability treatment controls. Based on the results obtained, 6 μM EMA and 50 μM PMA were identified as the optimal dye concentrations as low log reductions were recorded (viable and heat-treated samples) in comparison to the no viability treatment control. In addition, the results recorded for the 6 μM EMA concentration were comparable to the results obtained for both the 50 μM PMA and the DNase treatment. The use of EMA-qPCR (6 μM) may therefore allow for the rapid identification and quantification of multiple intact opportunistic pathogens in water sources, which would benefit routine water quality monitoring following disinfection treatment.

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules that are synthesised non-ribosomally by a wide range of microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. The bacterial genus Serratia is gaining international interest, as biosurfactants produced by this genus have emerged as a promising source of antimicrobial, antifouling and antitumour compounds that possess emulsification and surface activity. Various species of Serratia have been identified as biosurfactant producers, including Serratia marcescens , Serratia rubidaea and Serratia surfactantfaciens . Members of the Serratia genus have been reported to principally produce two classes of biosurfactants, namely lipopeptides and glycolipids. Lipopeptides produced by Serratia species include serrawettins and stephensiolides, while identified glycolipids include rubiwettins and rhamnolipids. This review will primarily focus on the classification of biosurfactants produced by Serratia species and the genes and mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of these biosurfactant compounds. Thereafter, an indication of the primary growth conditions and nutrient composition required for the optimum production of biosurfactants by this genus will be outlined. An overview of the latest advances and potential applications of the biosurfactants produced by Serratia in the medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural and petroleum industries is also provided.

Abstract The Astragalus grahamianus (AG) Royle ex. Benth is traditionally used for the treatment of various human disorders. The current research work is aimed to explore the neuroprotective anti-Parkinson effects of various fractions of Astragalus grahamianus (A. grahamianus). Fine powder of Astragalus grahamianus was extracted with 70% methanol and then fractionated with various solvents on the basis of polarity. Standard protocols were used to investigate the bioactive constituents present in the various plant fractions. In-vitro antioxidant potential of various fractions was checked using diverse free radicals. In-vivo rats model was used to determined the neuroprotective effects of methanol fraction of A. grahamianus. The results revealed that various fractions of A. grahamianus contain flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, gums, terpenes, proteins, and carbohydrates except chloroform fraction lake the presence of steroids, cardiac glycosides, gums and saponins, aqueous fraction of steroids, terpenoids, gums and saponins, n-Hexane fraction steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, gums and flavonoids. The highest amount of total phenolic contents was found in AGME (32.67 ± 2.3 mg GAE / g). The AGME also showed enhanced free radicals cations potential against DPPH, ABTS and H2O2, respectively. The correlation between AOA (antioxidant activity) and TPC (total phenolic contents) revealed to be substantial. Relative R2 values for ABTS, H2O2, and DPPH activity are 0.9974, 0.9845, and 0.9678, respectively. The in-vivo neuroprotective activities showed significant results. Our findings highlight significant antioxidant, and neuroprotective possessions of AGME attributed to powerful bioactive compounds. Resumo O Astragalus grahamianus (AG) Royle ex. Benth pertence à família Fabaceae e o gênero Astragalus é tradicionalmente utilizado para o tratamento de diversas doenças humanas. O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo explorar os aspectos benéficos das plantas que estão sendo investigados tanto in vitro, ou seja, antioxidantes, quanto in vivo (seu impacto no comprometimento da memória induzido pela neuroinflamação em ratos). Para tanto, extrato metanólico de A. grahamianus (AGME) e frações com diversos solventes foram sintetizados com base na polaridade. Os resultados revelaram que várias frações de A. grahamianus contêm flavonoides, glicosídeos cardíacos, esteroides, gomas, terpenos, proteínas e carboidratos, exceto a fração de clorofórmio, e a presença de esteroides, glicosídeos cardíacos, gomas e saponinas, fração aquosa de esteroides, terpenoides, gomas e saponinas, esteroides da fração n-hexano, carboidratos, alcaloides, gomas e flavonoides. A maior quantidade de conteúdo fenólico total foi encontrada no AGME (32,67 ± 2,3 mg GAE/g). O AGME também mostrou maior potencial de cátions de radicais livres contra DPPH, ABTS e H2O2. A correlação entre AOA (atividade antioxidante) e TPC (conteúdo fenólico total) revelou-se substancial. Os valores relativos de R2 para atividade ABTS, H2O2 e DPPH são 0,9974, 0,9845 e 0,9678, respectivamente. As atividades neuroprotetoras in vivo mostraram resultados significativos. Nossas descobertas destacam propriedades antioxidantes e neuroprotetoras significativas do AGME atribuídas a poderosos compostos bioativos.

Owing to limited or centralised neonatal critical care resources, the interfacility transfer of neonates is inevitable. In many high-income settings, dedicated Critical Care Retrieval Services (CCRS) with additional education and training undertake neonatal critical care retrieval (CCR). In South Africa, however, these transfers are mostly conducted by advanced paramedics with limited education in neonatal care, and this may lead to high adverse event rates. In SA, a shortage of skilled neonatal interfacility transport services has been identified as one of the top ten avoidable causes of under-5 mortality. In order to address this gap in neonatal transfer education for paramedics in South Africa, the aim of this study is to develop a curriculum for neonatal critical care retrieval in South Africa. Using Kern's approach to curriculum development, a general and targeted needs assessment was conducted through semi-structured interviews with experts in the field and a focus group discussion with a prospective student group. Interviews were preceded and informed by a literature review and retrospective chart review of neonates who underwent CCR in SA over a one-year period. Audio recordings of interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to inductive-dominant content analysis. Finally, qualitative codes were expanded into course outcome and a curriculum map was developed. Six experts in neonatal critical care and retrieval participated in semi-structured interviews with a mean duration of 59 minutes. Following transcription and analysis, 372 codes were developed. Seven prehospital providers (prospective students) who are involved in neonatal transfers in South Africa participated in a focus group discussion with a duration of 91 minutes. The audio recording was transcribed and analysed with 97 codes extracted. The main categories were: Current status of neonatal CCR in South Africa; learning and education in neonatal CCR; and proposed curriculum structure. The proposed curriculum structure described 13 broad course outcomes to be delivered as a blended postgraduate programme. Participants noted that funding, employer buy-in and internet resources would be required. The targeted prospective student group should be all Advanced Life Support (ALS) providers with a change in their scope of practice on completion. This study described the need for additional education in neonatal critical care retrieval due to the limitations in the current and past education systems. This study provides a curriculum structure with course outcomes that can be used as a basis for the development of a complete curriculum for education in neonatal CCR, with the potential to greatly reduce adverse event rates.

Homogeneous flow model is used to study the flow and heat transfer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) along a flat plate subjected to Navier slip and uniform heat flux boundary conditions. This is the first paper on the flow and heat transfer of CNTs along a flat plate. Two types of CNTs, namely, single- and multi-wall CNTs are used with water, kerosene or engine oil as base fluids. The empirical correlations are used for the thermophysical properties of CNTs in terms of the solid volume fraction of CNTs. For the effective thermal conductivity of CNTs, Xue (Phys B Condens Matter 368:302–307, 2005 ) model has been used and the results are compared with the existing theoretical models. The governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions are converted into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. These equations are solved numerically using a very efficient finite difference method with shooting scheme. The effects of the governing parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt numbers are investigated and presented in graphical and tabular forms. The numerical results of skin friction and Nusselt numbers are compared with the available data for special cases and are found in good agreement.

To identify genomic segments associated with days to flowering (DF) and leaf shape in pigeonpea, QTL-seq approach has been used in the present study. Genome-wide SNP profiling of extreme phenotypic bulks was conducted for both the traits from the segregating population (F2) derived from the cross combination- ICP 5529 × ICP 11605. A total of 126.63 million paired-end (PE) whole-genome resequencing data were generated for five samples, including one parent ICP 5529 (obcordate leaf and late-flowering plant), early and late flowering pools (EF and LF) and obcordate and lanceolate leaf shape pools (OLF and LLS). The QTL-seq identified two significant genomic regions, one on CcLG03 (1.58 Mb region spanned from 19.22 to 20.80 Mb interval) for days to flowering (LF and EF pools) and another on CcLG08 (2.19 Mb region spanned from 6.69 to 8.88 Mb interval) for OLF and LLF pools, respectively. Analysis of genomic regions associated SNPs with days to flowering and leaf shape revealed 5 genic SNPs present in the unique regions. The identified genomic regions for days to flowering were also validated with the genotyping-by-sequencing based classical QTL mapping method. A comparative analysis of the identified seven genes associated with days to flowering on 12 Fabaceae genomes, showed synteny with 9 genomes. A total of 153 genes were identified through the synteny analysis ranging from 13 to 36. This study demonstrates the usefulness of QTL-seq approach in precise identification of candidate gene(s) for days to flowering and leaf shape which can be deployed for pigeonpea improvement.QTL-seq approach was utilized for mapping of genomic regions/genes associated with days to flowering and leaf shape in pigeonpea. Analysis of genomic regions and associated SNPs with days to flowering and leaf shape revealed 1 and 4 non-synonymous SNPs, respectively. The study demonstrated sequencing-based trait mapping approach can accelerate trait mapping of the targeted traits.

Terminal drought is a major constraint to chickpea productivity. Two component traits responsible for reduction in yield under drought stress include reduction in seeds size and root length/root density. QTL-seq approach, therefore, was used to identify candidate genomic regions for 100-seed weight (100SDW) and total dry root weight to total plant dry weight ratio (RTR) under rainfed conditions. Genomewide SNP profiling of extreme phenotypic bulks from the ICC 4958 × ICC 1882 population identified two significant genomic regions, one on CaLG01 (1.08 Mb) and another on CaLG04 (2.7 Mb) linkage groups for 100SDW. Similarly, one significant genomic region on CaLG04 (1.10 Mb) was identified for RTR. Comprehensive analysis revealed four and five putative candidate genes associated with 100SDW and RTR, respectively. Subsequently, two genes (Ca_04364 and Ca_04607) for 100SDW and one gene (Ca_04586) for RTR were validated using CAPS/dCAPS markers. Identified candidate genomic regions and genes may be useful for molecular breeding for chickpea improvement.

Abstract The present research was planned to assess the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants of Upper Dir of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. For this purpose, the faecal material was collected randomly with gloved fingers directly from the rectum region of sheep and goats and the faecal materials were then put in hygienic plastic bottles with 10% formalin. The overall 315 (n=184 sheep and n= 131 goats) faecal samples were collected out of 315 samples, 281 were found positive for different parasites. Patterns-wise prevalence of GI parasites of the study area was found. Overall Single parasitism 89.20% (281/315) with 94.0% (173/184) in sheep and 82.43% (108/131) in goats. Double parasitic infection in small ruminant recorded in which Fasciola+ Haemonchus. contortus in sheep were found their prevalence was 25.54% (47/184). While in goats, the double parasitic infection in which Haemonchus contortus+Trichuris spp were found and their prevalence were 23.43% (30/131). The species found in the sample of sheep were includes, i.e., Strongyloides papillosus (41.30%), Heamonchus controtus (21.73%), Trichuris ovis (17.39%), and Fasciola hepatica (13.58%), the corresponding value for goat were Strongyloides spp 33.33% (36/108), Haemonchus spp 28.70%, (27/108), Trichuris spp 25.20% (27/184) and Fasciola spp 10.68% (14/184). The sheep of the study area are more infected as compared to goats. This study suggested that gastrointestinal parasites are major health problems of small ruminants in the study area. Therefore, a comprehensive study on species of gastrointestinal parasites circulating in the area, control options, cost-effective strategies and awareness about gastrointestinal parasites among the farmers in the study area should be instituted. Resumo A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar a ocorrência de parasitas intestinais em pequenos ruminantes do distrito Upper Dir, da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Para tanto, o material fecal foi coletado aleatoriamente com dedos enluvados diretamente da região do reto de ovelhas e cabras, e os materiais fecais foram colocados em garrafas plásticas higiênicas com formol a 10%. No total, 315 (n = 184 ovelhas e n = 131 cabras) amostras fecais foram coletadas; destas, 281 foram consideradas positivas para diferentes parasitas. A prevalência de padrões de parasitas GI da área de estudo foi encontrada. Parasitismo global único 89,20% (281/315) com 94,0% (173/184) em ovinos e 82,43% (108/131) em cabras. Infecção parasitária dupla em pequenos ruminantes registrada em Fasciola + Haemonchus contortus em ovinos, sua prevalência foi de 25,54% (47/184). Já em caprinos, a dupla infecção parasitária em que Haemonchus contortus + Trichuris spp foram encontrados e sua prevalência foi de 23,43% (30/131). As espécies encontradas na amostra de ovinos foram: Strongyloides papillosus (41,30%), Heamonchus controtus (21,73%), Trichuris ovis (17,39%) e Fasciola hepatica (13,58%), o valor correspondente para cabra foi Strongyloides spp. 33,33% (36/108), Haemonchus spp. 28,70%, (27/108), Trichuris sp 25,20% (27/184) e Fasciola spp. 10,68% (14/184). As ovelhas da área de estudo estão mais infectadas do que as cabras. Este estudo sugeriu que os parasitas gastrointestinais são os principais problemas de saúde dos pequenos ruminantes na área de estudo. Portanto, um estudo abrangente sobre as espécies de parasitas gastrointestinais que circulam na área, opções de controle, estratégias de baixo custo e conscientização sobre parasitas gastrointestinais entre os agricultores na área de estudo deve ser instituído.

This study investigated the potential anxiolytic properties of flavan-3-ols and aromatic resins through a combined computational and experimental approach. Network pharmacology techniques were utilized to identify potential anxiolytic targets and compounds by analyzing protein–protein interactions and KEGG pathway data. Molecular docking and simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the binding interactions and stability of the identified targets. Behavioral tests, including the elevated plus maze test, open field test, light–dark test, actophotometer, and holeboard test, were used to assess anxiolytic activity. The compound-target network analysis revealed complex interactions involving 306 nodes and 526 edges, with significant interactions observed and an average node degree of 1.94. KEGG pathway analysis highlighted pathways such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, dopaminergic synapses, and serotonergic synapses as being involved in anxiety modulation. Docking studies on EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate) showed binding energies of −9.5 kcal/mol for MAOA, −9.2 kcal/mol for SLC6A4, and −7.4 kcal/mol for COMT. Molecular dynamic simulations indicated minimal fluctuations, suggesting the formation of stable complexes between small molecules and proteins. Behavioral tests demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety-like behavior, as evidenced by an increased number of entries into and time spent in the open arm of the elevated plus maze test, light–dark test, open field center activity, hole board head dips, and actophotometer beam interruptions (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway intervention mechanisms of flavan-3-ols and aromatic resins in anxiety treatment. Integrated network and behavioral analyses collectively support the anxiolytic potential of these compounds and offer valuable insights for future research in this area.