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Biosurfactants are environment compatible surface-active biomolecules with multifunctional properties which can be utilized in various industries. In this study a biosurfactant producing novel plant growth promoting isolate Pseudomonas guariconensis LE3 from the rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum is presented as biostimulant and biocontrol agent. Biosurfactant extracted from culture was characterized to be mixture of various mono- and di-rhamnolipids with antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina, causal agent of charcoal rot in diverse crops. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis confirmed the rhamnolipid nature of biosurfactant. PCR analysis established the presence of genes involved in synthesis of antibiotics diacetylphloroglucinol, phenazine 1-carboxylic acid and pyocyanin, and lytic enzymes chitinase and endoglucanase suggesting biocontrol potential of the isolate. Plant growth promoting activities shown by LE3 were phosphate solubilization and production of siderophores, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD). To assemble all the characteristics of LE3 various bioformuations were developed. Amendment of biosurfactant in bioformulation of LE3 cells improved the shelf life. Biosurfactant amended formulation of LE3 cells was most effective in biocontrol of charcoal rot disease of sunflower and growth promotion in field conditions. The root adhered soil mass of plantlets inoculated with LE3 plus biosurfactant was significantly higher over control. Biosurfactant amended formulation of LE3 cells caused maximum yield enhancement (80.80%) and biocontrol activity (75.45%), indicating that addition of biosurfactant improves the plant-bacterial interaction and soil properties leading to better control of disease and overall improvement of plant health and yield.

Plant beneficial rhizobacteria (PBR) is a group of naturally occurring rhizospheric microbes that enhance nutrient availability and induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance through a wide array of mechanisms to enhance agricultural sustainability. Application of PBR has the potential to reduce worldwide requirement of agricultural chemicals and improve agro-ecological sustainability. The PBR exert their beneficial effects in three major ways; (1) fix atmospheric nitrogen and synthesize specific compounds to promote plant growth, (2) solubilize essential mineral nutrients in soils for plant uptake, and (3) produce antimicrobial substances and induce systemic resistance in host plants to protect them from biotic and abiotic stresses. Application of PBR as suitable inoculants appears to be a viable alternative technology to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Furthermore, PBR enhance nutrient and water use efficiency, influence dynamics of mineral recycling, and tolerance of plants to other environmental stresses by improving health of soils. This report provides comprehensive reviews and discusses beneficial effects of PBR on plant and soil health. Considering their multitude of functions to improve plant and soil health, we propose to call the plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) as PBR.

Biosurfactants are low molecular weight, surface active amphiphatic compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules could be of wide acceptability in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food industries and bioremediation processes due to low toxicity and biodegradability. However, there is a limitation in their applicability partially due to our knowledge that revolves around pretty less number of well studied biosurfactants. The aim of the present study is to isolate bacteria from oil contaminated environments (soil from automobile workshops and kitchen waste dumping area), and evaluate them for biosurfactant production and determining the properties of these biomolecules. Isolates were screened for drop collapse activity, emulsification, phenol–sulfuric test and ability of adhesion to hydrocarbons. Isolates selected on the basis of above activities were screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Biosurfactants with antimicrobial activity were also checked for ability to reduce adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms to solid surface and evaluated for biofilm-disruption activity. The results obtained in this work showed that the biosurfactant from isolate SBM1 identified as Bacillus sp. had all the above properties. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that biosurfactant from isolate SBM1 is of glycolipid type that can be employed as potential agent of biomedical utility.

This review examined the biological effects of thiadiazole on humans. In recent years compounds featuring thiadiazole moiety have gained significance in pharmaceutical chemistry. Among the various structural isomers of thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole stands out due to its extensive range of pharmacological activities, prompting numerous studies to assess its relevance. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus is integral to various classes of medications, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, anticonvulsants, and antivirals, among others. In this study, An attempt has been made with recent research finding to review the structural modification on different derivatives for various pharmacological activities.

The production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), by rhizobacteria, has been associated with plant growth promotion, especially root initiation and elongation. Isolate TO3 selected from 103 fluorescent pseudomonads, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , showed maximum production of IAA . Isolate TO3 having biocontrol activity against Macrophomina phaseolina also showed production of siderophore and HCN was used to screen the role of bacterial IAA in reducing the level of charcoal rot disease occurrence in chickpea. Four IAA defective stable mutants of isolate TO3 having biocontrol activity against M. phaseolina were developed through 5-bromouracil mutagenesis. Mutant TO 52 showed 76.47% reduction in production of IAA. Standard IAA was used in similar concentration as present in cell-free culture supernatant of wild isolate TO3 and its mutant TO 52 . The in vitro and in vivo study showed that IAA-defective mutant TO 52 caused reduced biocontrol and plant growth promotory activity than wild isolate TO3. Standard IAA showed comparable biocontrol activity to the culture supernatant. To some extent better biocontrol and growth promotory activity in supernatant than standard IAA indicates the synergistic role of siderophore and HCN. The study clearly reports the role of bacterial IAA in suppression of charcoal rot disease of chickpea.

The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCK family VII) are required for plant defense against various pathogens. Previously, OsPBL1 ( ORYZA SATIVA ARABIDOPSIS PBS1-LIKE 1 ) was isolated from rice as a potential RSV (rice stripe virus) resistant factor, but its physiological roles in plant defense are yet to be investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that OsPBL1 increased defense against P. syringae in transgenic Arabidopsis. To ascertain the role of OsPBL1 gene in plant defense, OsPBL1 tagged with HA (i.e. Hemagglutinin) was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and examined for the resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (i.e. Pst DC3000). At 3 dpi of Pst DC3000, transgenic Arabidopsis lines exhibited the reduced chlorotic lesion and propagation of P. syringae , compared to wild type. Elevated pathogen resistance of transgenic lines was correlated with increased H 2 O 2 accumulation and callose deposition on the infected leaves. It was also revealed that expression levels of salicylic acid dependent genes such as PR1 , PR2 , and PR5 , were induced higher in transgenic lines than wild type. Taken together, our data suggested that OsPBL1 exerted the role in defense against pathogen attacks in plant via mainly facilitating salicylic acid dependent pathway.

Cuscuta is a rootless, perennial, leafless, climbing, holoparasitic weed with a worldwide distribution, known for its antitumor, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, and antioxidant activities. Endophytic microbes are known to be an additional resource for the plant as they produce useful bioactive metabolites, enzymes and provide nutrients to the host that helps the plant to combat different types of stress conditions. The study was planned to isolate and investigate the endophytic mycobiota of Cuscuta spp. holoparasitic on different host plants. Seventy-eight fungal endophytes were isolated and identified as belonging to 16 morpho genera Alternaria , Aureobasidium , Aspergillus , Chaetomium , Cladosporium , Colletotrichum , Curvularia , Exserohilum , Fusarium , Macrophomina , Microsporum , Penicillium , Phoma , Sarocladium , Rhizopus , and Yeast. The endophytic infection rate (EIR) was found higher in the haustoria region over the stem sections between haustoria. Analysis of fungal diversity based on Shannon and Simpson index showed a successive increase in fungal richness in Cuscuta samples from trees to herbaceous host plants. Isolates were inspected for the synthesis of bioactive compounds, L-asparaginase free from glutaminase activity, flavonoids, phenolics and antioxidants. Study showed highest glutaminase-free asparaginase activity of 19.78 U/mg in Alternaria spp. DEH2.5, which can be utilized as a source of valuable compounds of corporate interest.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) a neurodegenerative disorder is one of the most prevalent diseases characterized by multifactorial etiology, including amyloid plaques, tau tangles, as well as neuronal loss. Current therapeutic options are limited and often only provide symptomatic relief. In pursuit of novel therapeutic agents, pyrido-carbazole fused with carbamate (PCC) hybrids were rationally designed and synthesized based on literature and clinically approved candidates. The study involved a comprehensive approach to evaluating these hybrids. Pharmacokinetic and acute toxicity profiles were assessed, followed by molecular modeling to predict a plausible monoamine oxidase B(MAO-B) interactions and in vitro MAO-B inhibition assay. The synthesized hybrids exhibited a range of inhibitory activities against MAO-B, falling at low micromolar concentrations. Notably, compound 4e demonstrated potent and well-balanced activity against MAO-B with an IC50 value of 4.51μM, approaching the efficacy of the standard drug selegiline of IC50 2.93μM. The percentage inhibition of 4e was higher than the selegiline at a 100 μM concentration. The molecular modeling studies indicated that 4e interacted with the MAO-B catalytic site. These findings highlight the potential of compound 4e as a promising candidate for AD therapy, given its potent MAO-B inhibition, an excellent pharmacokinetic profile, and low toxicity.

The medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHA) have attracted much attention from academic and industrial communities for their interesting applications in medical field. The aim of this study was to screen high MCL-PHA-producing fluorescent pseudomonads, and to compare the effect of osmotic stress generated by NaCl (ionic) and polyethylene glycol (PEG, non-ionic inert polymer) on PHA production. A total of 50 fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizospheric soil were screened for PHA production by Sudan Black staining. Out of all the PHA-producing isolates only five were MCL-PHA producers as detected by MCL-PCR. Isolate Bar1 identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was selected for further analysis due to its high MCL-PHA production ability. The iso-osmotic stress generated by NaCl and PEG-6000 showed 5.75- and 3.19-fold enhanced production of PHA at −2 bar osmotic potential, over control (0 bar), respectively. There was 1.8-fold enhanced production of PHA at −2 bar osmotic stress induced by NaCl over PEG. PEG reduces availability of water to microorganisms without reducing exogenously provided nutrients which appear to be responsible for its down performance over NaCl. The FTIR analysis of PHA sample purified from cells showed strong marker bands near 1742, 2870, 1170, 1099, and 2926 cm −1 , corresponding to MCL-PHA. The study reported that supplementation of NaCl (electrolyte) in growth media enhances the production of MCL-PHA which can be very useful for its industrial production.

A main target in treatment of hypertension is ACE angiotensin converting enzyme responsible for producing angiotensin II potent vasoconstrictor.11 Therefore, we demonstrated that the proposed heterocyclic compounds are capable of inhibiting ACE activity. Molecular docking is a key tool in structural molecular biology and computer-assisted drug design. The hearts of the experimental rats were excised and rapidly transferred to Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution at 37°C. The pericardial and lung tissues were removed and the aorta was cut just below the point of division. The solution of test compounds (10pg) along with a standard solution (10pg sodium nitroprusside) was administered by injection into the perfusion medium just above the aortic cannula, and the cardiac output was measured using a drop counter.