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The objective of the present study was to assess the application of ergonomics among undergraduate dental students at the University Dental Hospital Sharjah. The study also intended to compare application of ergonomic principles among fourth and fifth year dental students, and predict the risk of musculo-skeletal disorders for each group based on the RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) method. Eighty-four participants of this observational study were evaluated for ergonomic risk factors by obtaining data in the form of static photographs of dental students in their fourth and fifth years at UDHS. These images were then analyzed by the observers to determine musculo-skeletal risk using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) worksheet. The dependent variables were the risk scores obtained from the RULA worksheet, which evaluated the risk of WMS and/or WMSD for the dental students. Conversely, the students' work postures, movement repetition, static muscle work, and associated loads, were considered the independent variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the statistical significance between both year groups. The overall final RULA scores showed that fourth year dental students had a higher mean ranking (score =1980.5) than fifth year dental students (score=1589.5), which was statistically significant (P=0.009), thereby placing them at a higher risk of developing musculo-skeletal diseases due to their ergonomics. The overall RULA scores of both groups portrayed that the 4th year participants were in the medium-risk category of developing WMSDs as a result of their working postures, whereas the 5th year participants were in the low-risk category. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la aplicación de los principios de ergonomía entre los estudiantes de odontología de pregrado en el Hospital Odontológico Universitario de Sharjah. Además, se buscó comparar la aplicación de dichos principios entre los estudiantes de cuarto y quinto año, y predecir el riesgo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos en cada grupo mediante el método RULA (Evaluación Rápida de las Extremidades Superiores, por sus siglas en inglés). Ochenta y cuatro participantes de este estudio observacional fueron evaluados en cuanto a factores de riesgo ergonómico mediante la obtención de fotografías estáticas de los estudiantes de cuarto y quinto año en UDHS. Estas imágenes fueron analizadas por los observadores para determinar el riesgo musculoesquelético utilizando la hoja de evaluación RULA. Las variables dependientes fueron las puntuaciones de riesgo obtenidas con RULA, las cuales evalúan el riesgo de presentar trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) y/o trastornos musculoesqueléticos relacionados con el trabajo (TMERT). Por otro lado, las posturas laborales, la repetición de movimientos, el trabajo muscular estático y las cargas asociadas fueron consideradas como variables independientes. Se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para comparar la significancia estadística entre ambos grupos. Las puntuaciones finales generales de RULA mostraron que los estudiantes de cuarto año obtuvieron un promedio de rango superior (puntuación=1980.5) en comparación con los estudiantes de quinto año (puntuación=1589.5), siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P=0.009), lo que indica un mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos musculoesqueléticos debido a sus condiciones ergonómicas. Las puntuaciones generales de RULA indicaron que los participantes de cuarto año se encontraban en una categoría de riesgo medio de desarrollar TMERT debido a sus posturas de trabajo, mientras que los de quinto año estaban en una categoría de riesgo bajo.

Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious health condition that develops from and is linked to coronavirus disease 2019. MIS-C is considered a multi-organ dysfunction involving cardiac, renal, respiratory, hematologic, gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms and groups of signs and symptoms such as rash or bilateral non-purulent conjunctivitis, hypotension or shock and acute gastrointestinal problems, which require immediate therapeutic intervention to prevent the aggravation of the patient’s health condition. MIS-C is relatively new in the field of evidence-based medicine; however, there are several clinical guidelines for good clinical practice. For every disorder, the guidelines have different suggestions. Hence, based on the current status of the evidence, recommendations have been combined to form a unified guideline for therapeutic management. Methods This paper compares and evaluates the current MIS-C-specific clinical practice guidelines (namely, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Rheumatology, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital Foundation, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America). The compiled literature was then assessed by the authors separately, and an algorithm was proposed for each disorder, taking into consideration the various guidelines proposed for the management of the disorder. Results The features of MIS-C patients are unified; this is very helpful in managing its symptoms and decreasing mortality rates. In addition, recommendations for pharmacological treatment for MIS-C symptoms are formulated after cross-comparison across five different guidelines. Conclusions This study provides a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence and implications for future research. It proposes a unified guideline based on the current evidence, with the best potential to maintain suitable clinical standards in the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health.

A significant challenge for designing a coordinated and effective protection architecture of a microgrid (MG) is the aim of an efficient, reliable, and fast protection scheme for both the grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. To this end, bidirectional power flow, varying short-circuit power, low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability, and the plug-and-play characteristics of distributed generation units (DGUs), which are key issues in a MG system must be considered; otherwise, a mal-operation of protection devices (PDs) may occur. In this sense, a conventional protection system with a single threshold/setting may not be able to fully protect an MG system. To tackle this challenge, this work presents a comprehensive coordinated adaptive protection scheme for AC MGs that can tune their protection setting according to the system states and the operation mode, and is able to switch the PDs’ setting. In the first step of the proposed adaptive algorithm, an offline setting will be adopted for selective and sensitive fault detection, isolation, and coordination among proposed protective modules. As any change in the system is detected by the proposed algorithm in the online step, a new set of setting for proposed modules will be performed to adapt the settings accordingly. In this way, a new set of settings are adapted to maintain a fast and reliable operation, which covers selective, sensitive, and adaptive requirements. The pickup current (Ip) and time multiple settings (TMS) of directional over-current relays (DOCR), as well as coordinated time delays for the proposed protection scheme for both of the grid-connected and islanded modes of operation, are calculated offline. Then, an online adaptive protection scheme is proposed to detect different fault types in different locations. The simulation results show that the proposed method provides a coordinated reliable solution, which can detect and isolate fault conditions in a fast, selective and coordinated adaptive pattern.