Explore the vast range of titles available.

Fruit rot diseases are the serious problem in durian production for domestic consumption and export. Fungicides are commonly applied to reduce postharvest loss caused by postharvest diseases. The objective of this research was to study the efficacy of fungicides for controlling durian fruit rot diseases. Diseased durian cv. ‘Monthong’ were collected from three orchards from Tha Mai district, Chanthaburi province. Fungi were then isolated by tissue transplanting method and identified based on morphological characteristics. Three fungi including Fusarium solani, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phomopsis sp. were confirmed as causal agents of fruit rot on durian. Ten concentrations of two ready-mix fungicides, which were Bumper P® (prochloraz 40% + propiconazole 9% W/V EC) and Custodia® (azoxystrobin 12% + tebuconazole 20% W/V SC), were evaluated towards the inhibition of the fungal growths. From in vitro experiment, both treatments could inhibit the mycelial growth at different levels. The EC50 of Bumber P® and Custodia® were 9.7–49.11 and 7.93–196.73 mg L−1 and respectively. In vivo experiments by dipping fruits showed that Bumper P® and/or Custodia® at the minimum rate of 1 ml L−1 exhibited strong control durian fruit rot caused by F. solani and Phomopsis sp., but both fungicide mixtures could not control L. theobromae. The results of residue analysis illustrated that no residues were detected in the edible pulp. This is important to ensure that the treated durian is safe for consumptions and these fungicides are suitable for the postharvest application in durian.

Background and Aims Color, a key determinant of grape berry quality, is influenced by light, temperature, and plant hormones during development. We investigated the effects of red‐, blue‐, and combined red‐and‐blue‐light irradiations on photoreceptors, abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in order to clarify their mutual relationships. Methods and Results The experiment was conducted over two consecutive years (2023–2024) using the same nine “Kyoho” grapevines, which were eight years old at the start of the study. In 2023, treatments consisted of irradiating grape clusters with either red‐light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) or blue LEDs. In 2024, the treatments were modified to irradiation with blue LEDs or a combination of red and blue LEDs. Compared to an untreated control group, the irradiation of grape clusters with red or blue LEDs at 240 μmol m−2s−1 both significantly increased the expressions of the photoreceptor genes VvPHYa (phytochromes), VvPHYb, VvCRYa (cryptochromes), and VvPHOT2 (phototropins), those of genes VvSnRK2.6 (an SNF 1‐related protein kinase) and VvABF2 (an ABA‐responsive element‐binding transcription factor) involved in the activation of ABA signaling, and those of genes VvMYBa1 and VvUFGT involved in anthocyanin synthesis, as well as anthocyanin synthesis. The expression of VvPP2C9 (protein phosphatase 2C9), which is negatively related to ABA signaling, was decreased. There were no significant differences in these factors between the red‐ and blue‐irradiated sections. The combined treatment with red and blue light, as well as blue‐light exposure alone, upregulated photoreceptor genes’ expression, ABA signaling, anthocyanin synthesis enzyme genes’ expression, and anthocyanin synthesis compared to the untreated control, whereas no difference was observed between the combined treatment and the blue‐light treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that both red‐ and blue‐light exposure stimulate ABA signaling in grape skins and that the activation of either the red‐ or blue‐light receptors promotes anthocyanin synthesis.

Fusarium wilt disease attacks the tomato plants, and Solanaceae plants with losses can reach 90 %. Thus, this disease was tough to control. The morphology and pathogenicity variation caused failure disease control. Both variations could be affected by the altitude of the planting site. Therefore, it also required special handling of management as well. The specific objectives of this study to investigate the Fusarium isolate from different altitude response of physical properties (acid-base pH, low-high temperature, and fungicides of other active ingredients) and growth rate of Fusarium. All Fusarium sp. were isolated from the leaves, soil, roots, and stem of infected tomato plants. Before a series of tests were carried out, all of the isolates were tested for pathogenicity, then tested for the influence of abiotic factors. This study obtained four isolates from high altitude, four isolates from medium altitude, and five lowland isolates. In morphological observations, there were striking differences in colony color and growth rate among isolates on several media and pathogenicity tests. Each isolate had different pathogenicity, although from the same location but other parts of the plant. Knowing the characteristic morphology and Fusarium sp. response of the three areas can be used as references in controlling.

The plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a proficient producer of mycotoxins and other in part still unknown secondary metabolites, some of which might act as virulence factors on wheat. The PKS15 gene is expressed only in planta, so far hampering the identification of an associated metabolite. Here we combined the activation of silent gene clusters by chromatin manipulation (kmt6) with blocking the metabolic flow into the competing biosynthesis of the two major mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, two closely related metabolites were found in triple mutants (kmt6 tri5 pks4,13) deficient in production of the major mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, but not in strains with an additional deletion in PKS15 (kmt6 tri5 pks4,13 pks15). Characterization of the metabolites, by LC-HRMS/MS in combination with a stable isotope-assisted tracer approach, revealed that they are likely hybrid polyketides comprising a polyketide part consisting of malonate-derived acetate units and a structurally deviating part. We propose the names gramiketide A and B for the two metabolites. In a biological experiment, both gramiketides were formed during infection of wheat ears with wild-type but not with pks15 mutants. The formation of the two gramiketides during infection correlated with that of the well-known virulence factor deoxynivalenol, suggesting that they might play a role in virulence.

Fruit rot disease is very damaging to cacao pods, which is caused by Phytoptora palmivora . The attack rate of P. palmivora varies. In Java, losses due to this disease reduce yields by 90 %. P. palmivora is a soil–borne pathogen. It is currently included in the Kingdom Chromista. Control with fungicides is not successful at this time, the alternatives is biologis control with Trichoderma sp. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which was arranged in factorial with two factors. The first factor was Trichoderma sp. the second factor was P. palmivora . All treatment combinations were repeated three times. Trichoderma sp. antagonist test to P. palmivora was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and then further tested using a 5 % BNJ. Trichoderma sp. origin from Jember and Trenggalek districts, East Java, Indonesia were able to act as antagonists against P. palmivora with the highest inhibitory of 78 %. In comparison, the lowest inhibitory was 70 % of isolates from Jember district, East java, Indoe. Characteristics of Trichoderma sp. The origin of Trenggalek Regency and Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia in inhibiting the growth of P. palmivora has the same species, namely Trichoderma harzianum .

Vanda is a highly valued and important orchid in the horticultural industry; however, it is usually damaged by black rot disease, caused by Phytophthora species, leading to substantial economic losses. This study aims to evaluate multiple fungicides for black rot control. Oomycetes were isolated from diseased plants, and these isolates brought about a 100% disease incidence in Vanda with water-soaked lesions, becoming necrotic within 24 h. The isolates were identified as Phytophthora palmivora based on a phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) and cytochrome oxidase spacer regions. For controlling black rot disease, eight fungicides or mixtures with different target sites and modes of action were screened, including cyazofamid, dimethomorph, fosetyl-aluminum, metalaxyl, thiophanate-methyl, a mixture of fluopicolide and fosetyl-aluminum, a mixture of mancozeb and valifenalate, and a mixture of quintozene and etridiazole. All tested fungicides showed 33%–100% growth inhibition using the poisoned food technique. In greenhouse experiments, seven tested fungicide formulations, except for thiophanate-methyl, exhibited 20%–66% reduced lesion sizes compared with the no-chemical control. The information on fungicides with different filicide group codes could assist a fungicide spray program for black rot management in orchids.

Anthracnose of mango is one of the major postharvest diseases of mango fruit caused by members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex such as Colletotrichum siamense. Crude extracts from dry trunk bark of four Cinnamomum species (C. burmanni, C. iners, C. loureiroi, and C. verum), a commercial cinnamon powder, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and cinnamon oil were assayed for their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum siamense. The crude extract of C. verum at 500 mg L−1 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth. At a concentration above 10 g L−1 cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and cinnamon oil showed 100% mycelial inhibition. Using the microdilution assay, C. burmanni and C. verum crude extracts were effective against Colletotrichum siamense spore germination and showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 625 mg L−1 while the MIC value of cinnamaldehyde was 50 mg L−1. The direct bioautography of the C. verum extract and the fractions obtained by column chromatography over silica gel against Cladosporium herbarum revealed clear inhibition zones on TLC plates. The treatment of Colletotrichum siamense spores with this active fraction led to severe membrane damage which was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Comparative HPLC analyses of the Cinnamomum extracts and the active fraction of C. verum, cinnamon power, and the cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as standards indicated cinnamaldehyde as the major compound. The C. verum fraction reduced disease severity and disease incidence on inoculated mango fruit. Moreover, uninoculated mango dipped into C. burmanni and C. verum extracts reduced the naturally occurring disease while total soluble solid, titratable acidity, and weight loss of dipped mango were insignificantly different from the untreated fruit control.