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One of the most important discoveries and creative developments that is playing a vital role in the professional world today is blockchain technology. Blockchain technology moves in the direction of persistent revolution and change. It is a chain of blocks that covers information and maintains trust between individuals no matter how far they are. In the last couple of years, the upsurge in blockchain technology has obliged scholars and specialists to scrutinize new ways to apply blockchain technology with a wide range of domains. The dramatic increase in blockchain technology has provided many new application opportunities, including healthcare applications. This survey provides a comprehensive review of emerging blockchain-based healthcare technologies and related applications. In this inquiry, we call attention to the open research matters in this fast-growing field, explaining them in some details. We also show the potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing healthcare industry.

Massive internet of things (IoT) data generated by IoT edge devices are shaping the data economy. Monetizing the stream of IoT data has enabled the development of IoT data trading systems, which allow individuals to sell and exchange data. This article presents a blockchain-based system for IoT data trading using fog computing. We propose crowdsourcing fog nodes on the edge network to communicate and collect data from IoT edge device owners. This paper focuses on developing a secure and dependable blockchain-based system that allows data providers and consumers to engage in data trading process. Through experimental results, we evaluate the performance of the proposed model with respect to transaction throughput, latency, and resource consumption metrics under varied scenarios and parameters using Hyperledger blockchain.

This paper introduces a data trading system based on the blockchain network, where a trusted data aggregator collects data from the Internet of Things (IoT) device owners and sells them in the format of different packages to multiple buyers. In this paper, we formulate infinitely repeated games between rational buyers that are competing with each other to obtain the required data records. Buyers update their bidding strategies to maximize their profits based on the outcome of previous games. We validate the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium in a one-shot game, finite, and infinitely repeated games. To ensure data owners’ privacy, a novel trust mechanism design is used to impede untruthful buyers to win the game. To prevent the use of a third party such as an auctioneer, all of these methods are implemented as smart contracts on the Hyperledger blockchain. We provide extensive analysis to demonstrate that the proposed system satisfies the properties of completeness, soundness, computationally efficiency, truthfulness, budget balance, and individual rationality. Lastly, we provide simulation experiments to demonstrate the performance of our blockchain network using different metrics, such as transaction throughput, latency, and resource consumption under different parameters.