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In this article, we will describe the properties of albumin and its biological functions, types of sources that can be used to produce albumin nanoparticles, methods of producing albumin nanoparticles, its therapeutic applications and the importance of albumin nanoparticles in the production of pharmaceutical formulations. In view of the increasing use of Abraxane and its approval for use in the treatment of several types of cancer and during the final stages of clinical trials for other cancers, to evaluate it and compare its effectiveness with conventional non formulations of chemotherapy Paclitaxel is paid. In this article, we will examine the role and importance of animal proteins in Nano medicine and the various benefits of these biomolecules for the preparation of drug delivery carriers and the characteristics of plant protein Nano carriers and protein Nano cages and their potentials in diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of protein nanoparticles are mentioned, as well as the methods of production of albumin nanoparticles, its therapeutic applications and the importance of albumin nanoparticles in the production of pharmaceutical formulations.

In this paper, nine samples of SAPO-34 Nanocatalysts were synthesized, at three temperatures (170, 190, 210 °C) and three times (12, 24, and 36 h) using the hydrothermal treatment and experimental design approach. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, BET, and NH 3 -TPD techniques, to evaluate the morphology, crystal size, and surface acidity. The catalytic performance of SAPO-34 zeolites for methanol to light olefins (MTO) was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor at 410 ◦ C. According to catalytic results, all prepared catalysts showed similar trends, but olefin selectivity and lifetime were greatly different. Catalysts synthesized at 170 °C and 24 h because of their high crystallinity, the small size of crystals and high surface area showed relatively high ethylene and propylene selectivity of 48.71% and 32.6%, respectively. Sample with low crystallinity, synthesized at 210 °C, and 36 h because of the existing high value of the SAPO-5 and amorphous phase, deactivate rapidly. Comparing with the other sample, the sample synthesized at 170 °C and 12 h because of high crystallinity, mild acidity, and small crystal size possesses a longer lifetime. Graphic Abstract Hierarchical nine samples of SAPO-34 Nano catalysts were synthesized, at three temperatures (170, 190, 210 °C) and three times (12, 24 and 36 h.) using hydrothermal treatment and experimental design approach. Comparing with the other sample, the sample synthesized at 170 °C and 12 h. because of high crystallinity, mild acidity and small crystal size, possesses a longer lifetime.

Nonporous materials have nano-sized pores. High specific surface area and size and shape selectivity (size and shape Selectivity) are the most important features of these materials that have led to their widespread use in various industries, such as catalysts, water treatment and separation of pollutants. The development of properties and applications of these materials depends on the fabrication of nanoporous materials with optimal and controlled structures. In this paper, porous nanostructures and supermolecular chemistry are introduced in detail. Then, a number of common nanoporous materials, such as activated carbon, metal–organic frameworks and zeolites, then various types of mineral and organic nanoporous materials as well as methods of synthesis, characterization and applications of these materials will be studied in detail.

The sol-gel process is a more chemical method (wet chemical method) for the synthesis of various nanostructures, especially metal oxide nanoparticles. In this method, the molecular precursor (usually metal alkoxide) is dissolved in water or alcohol and converted to gel by heating and stirring by hydrolysis/alcoholysis. Since the gel obtained from the hydrolysis/alcoholysis process is wet or damp, it should be dried using appropriate methods depending on the desired properties and application of the gel. For example, if it is an alcoholic solution, the drying process is done by burning alcohol. After the drying stage, the produced gels are powdered and then calcined. The sol-gel method is a cost-effective method and due to the low reaction temperature there is good control over the chemical composition of the products. The sol-gel method can be used in the process of making ceramics as a molding material and can be used as an intermediate between thin films of metal oxides in various applications. The materials obtained from the sol-gel method are used in various optical, electronic, energy, surface engineering, biosensors, and pharmaceutical and separation technologies (such as chromatography). The sol-gel method is a conventional and industrial method for the synthesis of nanoparticles with different chemical composition. The basis of the sol-gel method is the production of a homogeneous sol from the precursors and its conversion into a gel. The solvent in the gel is then removed from the gel structure and the remaining gel is dried. The properties of the dried gel depend significantly on the drying method. In other words, the “removing solvent method” is selected according to the application in which the gel will be used. Dried gels in various ways are used in industries such as surface coating, building insulation, and the production of special clothing. It is worth mentioning that, by grinding the gel by special mills, it is possible to achieve nanoparticles.

In this article, preparation of novel spherical MgCl 2 supported α-diimine nickel (II) catalysts for ethylene polymerization in slurry phase is reported. α-Diimine ligands were synthesized by condensation reaction of 2, 6-disubstituted alkyls or aryls anilines and Ace naphthoquinone Which have hydroxyl functionality in their para-position. Hydroxyl functionalized α-diimine attached strongly on to the spherical MgCl 2 support surface by dative bonding. No linker was needed to attach the complexes onto the support surface and the amount of loaded Nickel was controllable to improve morphology and especially bulk density of polymer powder. A significant reduction in catalysts activity has happened when homogeneous catalysts were supported onto silica but this reduction was decreased when they were supported onto thermally treated spherical MgCl 2 . As homogeneous bis( N , N ′-(4-(3-hydroxyl-propyl)-2,6-di[(4- tert -butyl-phenyl)-phenyl) amino] Ace naphthoquinone Nickel dibromide(d) showed the highest activity among other evaluated homogeneous catalysts, its MgCl 2 supported catalyst (d/S-MgCl 2 ) has shown the highest activity among MgCl 2 supported catalysts too. These MgCl 2 supported catalysts were pre-polymerized in presence of ethylene monomer in the mild polymerization condition to yield a pre-polymerized catalyst with polymer/catalyst weight ratio equal to six. Ethylene polymerization was carried out to make spherical particles of polyethylene without reactor fouling by these pre-polymerized catalysts. Clearly, it is shown in SEM images that the spherical morphology of MgCl 2 support is replicated in the produced polymer. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of produced polymer with MgCl 2 supported catalysts were higher than those produced by homogeneous catalysts. Graphic Abstract α–Diimine nickel (II) complexes have hydroxy functionality where produce strong dative bonding onto spherical MgCl 2 . This bonding is strong enough that these catalysts are suitable for slurry polymerization of ethylene without reactor fouling due to catalyst leaching from support. The chemical structure of MgCl 2 leads to high active supported catalysts. The molecular weight and polydispersity index of produced polymrers using these supported catalysts are higher than those produced by equivalent homogeneous catalysts and are controllable by selection of appropriate ligand for used α–diimine nickel (II) complex or hydrogen concentration in ethylene polymerization.

This review focuses on the synthesis, crystallization mechanism, and application of colloidal zeolites. The synthesis formulations and features of different zeolite-type structures prepared in nanosized form are summarized. Special attention is paid to zeolites prepared as stable colloidal suspensions. Nanocrystalline zeolites comprise acceptable nanomaterials by glass areas of smaller than 100 nm that own a different surface, including inner cover reactivity. Nanocrystalline zeolites, so while silica lite, ZSM-5, including A, Y, did integrate also largely identified by film X-ray diffraction, including particle microscopy. The nanocrystalline zeolites did more employed as making pieces to make bigger, low zeolite compositions by encapsulated metal or natural classes. The cover features of nanocrystalline zeolites and low-zeolite compositions received tailoring for functionalization of outside sialon organizations. Other uses of nanozeolites for the preparation of functionalized materials, for the synthesis of mesoporous silicas of improved hydrothermal stability, and as seeds for zeolite syntheses are illustrated. The emerging applications of nanozeolites in sensing, optoelectronics, and medicine constitute another topic in this review. The crystalline structure of these zeolites is allowed to pass through molecules smaller than the pore diameter, such as mercury, and absorb them as they pass, while they do not separate larger molecules such as calcium and potassium. A schematic shows structure of zeolite figure. Highlights Nanosized silicalite crystals can be obtained with very few framework defects. The density of connectivity defects can be adjusted in nanocrystals. The zeolite coatings exhibited good antifogging properties and could be maintained over 6 months under ambient environment. Nanozeolite Y colloids were used to prepare transparent coatings on glass substrates under mild temperature conditions.

As a new nanostructure, a graphene is a compound of carbon atoms with a two-dimensional structure that has attracted the attention of many nanoscale researchers due to its novel physical and chemical properties. The presence of all graphene atoms in the surface and its unique electrical properties, as well as the ability to functionalize and combine with another nanomaterial, has introduced graphene as a new and suitable candidate material for gas sensing. Over the years, many researchers have turned their attention to carbon nanomaterial. The unique optical, mechanical, and electronic properties of these nanostructures have led them to use these nanomaterials to develop tiny devices, such as low-consumption sensors. Carbon nanomaterial poses a threat to another nanomaterial in terms of their use in gas sensors. This review article discusses the use of carbon nanoparticles and graphene in gas sensors, examines the nodes in the commercialization pathway of these compounds, and presents the latest achievements. Finally, the perspectives of the challenges and opportunities in the field of sensors based on carbon nanomaterial and graphene are examined.

Improving the anode properties, including increasing its capacity, is one of the basic necessities to improve battery performance. In this paper, high-capacity anodes with alloy performance are introduced, then the problem of fragmentation of these anodes and its effect during the cyclic life is stated. Then, the effect of reducing the size to the nanoscale in solving the problem of fragmentation and improving the properties is discussed, and finally the various forms of nanomaterials are examined. In this paper, electrode reduction in the anode, which is a nanoscale phenomenon, is described. The negative effects of this phenomenon on alloy anodes are expressed and how to eliminate these negative effects by preparing suitable nanostructures will be discussed. Also, the anodes of the titanium oxide family are introduced and the effects of Nano on the performance improvement of these anodes are expressed, and finally, the quasi-capacitive behavior, which is specific to Nano, will be introduced. Finally, the third type of anodes, exchange anodes, is introduced and their function is expressed. The effect of Nano on the reversibility of these anodes is mentioned. The advantages of nanotechnology for these electrodes are described. In this paper, it is found that nanotechnology, in addition to the common effects such as reducing the penetration distance and modulating the stress, also creates other interesting effects in this type of anode, such as capacitive quasi-capacitance, changing storage mechanism and lower volume change.

Membrane contactors using microporous membranes for acid gas removal have been extensively reviewed and discussed. The microporous membrane acts as a fixed interface between the gas and the liquid phase without dispersing one phase into another that offers a flexible modular and energy-efficient device. The gas absorption process can offer a high selectivity and a high driving force for transport even at low concentrations. Using hollow fiber, gas–liquid membrane contactors are a promising alternative to conventional gas absorption systems for acid gas capture from gas streams. Important aspects of membrane contactor as an efficient energy device for acid gas removal including liquid absorbents, membrane characteristics, combination of membrane and absorbent, mass transfer, membrane modules, model development, advantages and disadvantages were critically discussed. In addition, current status and future potential in research and development of gas–liquid membrane contactors for acid gas removal were also briefly discussed. The most essential factors of membrane contactors for CO 2 absorption/stripping are also discussed, including the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the absorption materials in the membranes, as well as other models published in the literature. The benefits and drawbacks of gas–liquid contactor membranes in CO 2 absorption/stripping are also investigated, and the technique is compared to existing separation methods. The technology’s present condition and potential directions are explored, as well as some recommendations for further study in order to commercialize.

There are fewer components in the nanoelectronics industry that do not use some kind of molecular junctions or interface. In general, many nanoelectronic devices have layered structures, and the behavior of the electron at the interface affects the electron properties of the final component, because the electron transfer mechanisms at the interface and multiple junctions are significantly different from the bulk material. Their junctions were studied. It was shown that to study the mechanisms of electron transfer and parameters affecting the conductivity of the junctions, various molecular junctions such as broken junctions can be used. It has been suggested that the solution temperature, shape, material, and spatial arrangement of the molecule used, the material, properties and surface nature of the metal electrodes, and the band structure of the junction’s components can affect the conductivity of these systems. Attempts have been made to introduce the salient features of each of these junctions and to discuss examples of real Nano electronic components and molecular junctions used in them. We will see that the conventional mechanisms for electron transfer in these devices strongly depend on the electronic structure of the molecules used and generally include direct tunneling, fullerene tunneling. Molecularly deals with the effects of various factors on it. controlling the conductivity of a molecular bond by changing its physical, chemical and mechanical properties and optimizing the electrical properties of the final nanoelectronic component. Organic molecular junctions, as a special form of molecular junction, are used in many organic nanoelectronic devices. Therefore, it is very important to study the nature of the interface between these junctions and their electron transfer mechanisms. Conductivity of junctions is analyzed based on the band structure of their components. Therefore, in this paper, organic molecular compounds are introduced and their electronic structure is discussed. As you will see, certain phenomena also occur in these junctions, the most important of which are the formation of organic dipoles at the interface of the organic molecule/metal and the CNL parameter. Attempts have been made to put these phenomena into plain language without addressing mathematical models and the heavy concepts of quantum physics, and to discuss their effect on charge transfer and the electronic structure of organic junctions.