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Low-grade B-cell lymphomas (LGBCLs) account for approximately 40% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with low progression. LGBCL is divided into subgroups, which share common complications. Analyzing prognostic factors and mortality causes could improve patient survival; however, currently available models present limitations in discriminating the cause of death. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the prognostic factors and causes of death, such as secondary malignancies (SMs), aggressive histologic transformation (HT), and infectious complications, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in LGBCLs using a competing risk analysis. This retrospective analysis included 1,047 adults with LGBCLs (follicular lymphoma, 689; marginal zone lymphoma, 312; mantle cell lymphoma [MCL], 46) diagnosed between January 2011 and December 2022 across seven centers. Competing risk models were employed to estimate cumulative incidence rates of lymphoma progression-related and non-lymphoma-related mortality. Patients with SMs (3.8%) exhibited poorer overall survival than those without SMs, whereas HT and COVID-19 status did not impact survival outcomes in multivariate analysis. Analysis revealed an association of SMs, age > 60 years, male sex, pleural effusion, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels with worse non-lymphoma-related mortality. Moreover, age > 60 years, MCL, nodal MZL, and anemia were linked to poorer outcomes for lymphoma progression-related death. The management of non-lymphoma-related risk factors, such as through early SM detection, is crucial for improving the survival of patients with LGBCLs.

Superalloys are high melting temperature, excellent creep resistance, anti-corrosive, and oxidation resistant alloys; they are predominantly used in gas turbines of aircraft engines and power plants. Today, a series of superalloys is available according to their composition and applications. The tough nature of superalloys makes it difficult to recycle them after they are formed; this increases the demand and shortage of the energy-critical elements that are their raw materials and makes their processing one of the most demanding form of recycling today. A few processes are available, and some of these unique recycling systems are in use; however, a lack of data and/or information exists for two reasons: (i) scrap recycling is most frequently performed by superalloy manufacturers themselves (not always by the same unit) by recharging them into molten charges, and (ii) the recycler does not want to produce business for their rivals. This article presents an overview of the processes investigated to recycle superalloys, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. The available processes are not very technologically or economically feasible; therefore, further efforts are necessary to explore these processes and to make a value-added product by recycling superalloys rather than just re-melting them. Considering the continuously increasing number of alloyed elements in advanced superalloys, this paper also notes to the challenges associated with hydrometallurgical recycling of superalloys and the need for future studies on this topic. Graphical Abstract

Background Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic and excessive inflammation of the colon and small intestine. We previously reported that priming of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with poly(I:C) induced them to express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We tried to find out whether the IFN-γ and poly(I:C)-primed MSCs have better therapeutic efficacy on the experimental colitis in the IDO1-dependent manner. Methods To compare the therapeutic effects between the unstimulated MSCs and primed MSCs on murine colitis, mice (C57BL6) were administered with 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 5 days and injected with MSCs intraperitoneally on days 1 and 3 following DSS ingestion. The disease activity index score and body weight loss were assessed daily until day 9. Results Mice receiving the IFN-γ and poly(I:C)-primed MSCs showed a reduced disease activity index and less weight loss. Colon tissue from the same mice presented attenuated pathological damage, increased Paneth cells, increased IDO1-expressing cells, and better proliferation of enterocytes. The primed MSC treatment upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal stem cell markers ( Lgr5 , Olfm4 , and Bmi1 ), enterocyte differentiation markers ( Muc2 , Alpi , Chga , and occludin ), and regulatory T (Treg) cells ( Foxp3 ). The same treatment decreased inflammatory cell infiltration to lymphoid organs and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β , TNF-α , IL-6 , and MCP-1 ) in colon tissue. Notably, in vivo pharmacologic inhibition of the IDO1 activity blocked the Foxp3 upregulation in colon tissue and diminished the protective effects of the primed MSC. Conclusions The priming of MSCs with the IFN-γ and poly(I:C) is a promising new strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of MSC and is worth further research.

Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL) is a provisional entity in the 2017 World Health Organization classifications. To further elucidate the clinicopathologic features of this new disease, we carried out a retrospective, multicenter analysis of 42 patients with MEITL. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range, 20–84 years), and 27 patients (64 %) were male. Thirty-two patients (76 %) were Ann-Arbor stages I–II and 28 (67 %) were Lugano stages I–II1&2. The most frequent site of involvement was the jejunum (N = 21). Most cases expressed CD8 (79 %) and CD56 (95 %) and did not express CD30 (5 %) or EBER (0 %). The median progression-free survival was 6.9 months (95 % CI 4.3–9.6); the median OS was 14.8 months (2.4–27.2). Thirty-two patients (76 %) underwent surgery and 37 (88 %) received chemotherapy. A complete response (CR) rate was 38 %. Sixteen patients had undergone autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Relapse or progression was documented in 24 cases, most frequently in the primary site (N = 23). Four cases showed central nervous system relapse. Age over 55 years, poor performance scale, advanced Lugano stage (IIE–IV), not achieving CR, and not receiving ASCT were associated with inferior OS. While the optimal management of MEITL remains undetermined, achieving CR and consolidative ASCT seem essential. As CHOP might be insufficient for achieving CR, more efficient combinations should be investigated. Additionally, considering the frequent local failure and CNS relapse, novel therapeutic approaches are required to improve survival.

We investigated the effect of flux (lime) addition on the reduction behavior of iron oxide in copper slag by solid carbon at 1773 K (1500 °C). In particular, we quantified the recovery of iron by performing typical kinetic analysis and considering slag foaming, which is strongly affected by the thermophysical properties of slags. The iron oxide in the copper slag was consistently reduced by solid carbon over time. In the kinetic analysis, we determined mass transfer coefficients with and without considering slag foaming using a gas holdup factor. The mass transfer of FeO was not significantly changed by CaO addition when slag foaming was ignored, whereas the mass transfer of FeO when slag foaming was considered was at a minimum in the 20 mass pct CaO system. Iron recovery, defined as the ratio of the amount of iron clearly transferred to the base metal ingot to the initial amount of iron in the slag phase before reduction, was maximal (about 90 pct) in the 20 mass pct CaO system. Various types of solid compounds, including Mg 2 SiO 4 and Ca 2 SiO 4 , were precipitated in slags during the FeO reduction process, and these compounds strongly affected the reduction kinetics of FeO as well as iron recovery. Iron recovery was the greatest in the 20 mass pct CaO system because no solid compounds formed in this system, resulting in a highly fluid slag. This fluid slag allowed iron droplets to fall rapidly with high terminal velocity to the bottom of the crucible. A linear relationship between the mass transfer coefficient of FeO considering slag foaming and foam stability was obtained, from which we concluded that the mass transfer of FeO in slag was effectively promoted not only by gas evolution due to reduction reactions but also by foamy slag containing solid compounds. However, the reduced iron droplets were finely dispersed in foamy and viscous slags, making actual iron recovery a challenge.

The criterion for the remission period of chronic cluster headache (CCH) was recently revised from < 1 month to < 3 months in the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). However, information on the clinical features of CCH based on the ICHD-3 criteria is currently limited. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical features of CCH based on ICHD-3 using data from the Korean Cluster Headache Registry (KCHR). The KCHR is a multicentre prospective registry of patients with cluster headache (CH) from 15 hospitals. Among the 250 participants with CH, 12 and 176 participants were classified as having CCH and episodic cluster headache (ECH), respectively. Among 12 participants with CCH, 6 (50%) had remission periods of < 1 month, and the remaining 6 (50%) had a remission period of 1-3 months. Six participants had CCH from the time of onset of CH, and in the other 6 participants, CCH evolved from ECH. CCH subjects had later age of onset of CH, developed the condition after a longer interval after CH onset, and had more migraine and less nasal congestion and/or rhinorrhoea than ECH subjects. Clinical features of CCH with remission periods < 1 month were not significantly different from those of CCH with remission periods of 1-3 months, except for the total number of bouts. More current smoking and less diurnal rhythmicity were observed in participants with CCH evolved from ECH compared to those with ECH. In conclusion, the number of subjects with CCH doubled when the revised ICHD-3 criteria were used. Most of clinical characteristics of CCH did not differ when the previous and current version of ICHD was applied and compared. Some clinical features of CCH were different from those of ECH, and smoking may have a role in CH chronification.

To clarify the role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy era, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 52 patients treated with allo-HSCT with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Most enrolled patients had previously undergone intensive treatments, the median number of chemotherapy lines was 4, and the median time from diagnosis to allo-HSCT was 27.1 months. Patients were divided into remission-achieved (n = 30) and active-disease (n = 22) groups before allo-HSCT. Over a median follow-up period of 38.3 months, overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 38.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and the non-relapsed mortality (NRM) were 36.7% and 32.7%, respectively. OS, EFS, and graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) outcomes were significantly superior in the remission-achieved group with lower CIR. In a multivariate analysis, a shorter interval from diagnosis to allo-HSCT reflected relatively rapid disease progression and showed significantly poor OS and EFS with higher CIR. Patients with active disease had significantly lower EFS, GRFS, and higher CIR. Previous autologous stem-cell transplantation was associated with better GRFS. Allo-HSCT is an established modality with a prominent group of cured patients and still has a role in the CAR T-cell era, particularly given its acceptable clinical outcomes in young patients with chemo-susceptible disease.

Background T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) is a rare non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. The World Health Organization defines T‐LBL and T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) as the same entity. However, the clinical variations between them result in divergent treatment outcomes. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients with T‐LBL and T‐ALL and identify ideal candidates for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto‐HSCT) or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Study Design This retrospective analysis included 148 patients diagnosed with T‐LBL (67 [45.3%]) or T‐ALL (81 [54.7%]) between November 2009 and December 2022 in seven hospitals in the Republic of Korea. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and allo‐HSCT, auto‐HSCT, and chemotherapy‐only treatment modalities were compared. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify risk factors for survival, and survival decision trees were used for risk stratification. Results The median follow‐up duration was 60 months. The 5‐year OS rates were 43.5% and 52.8% in the T‐LBL and T‐ALL groups, respectively (p = 0.111). The T‐LBL group had lower PFS than the T‐ALL group (p < 0.001). The 5‐year OS rates for allo‐HSCT, auto‐HSCT, and chemotherapy‐only were 62.8%, 62.4%, and 13%, respectively. Two or more extranodal sites, large masses > 6 cm, axial bone involvement, and non‐complete remission after chemotherapy were poor prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions In this multicenter retrospective analysis, hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation (allo‐ or auto‐HSCT) was associated with better survival than chemotherapy alone. For T‐LBL, an exploratory signal from our prognostic model suggests that selected high‐risk patients may be considered for upfront allo‐HSCT. However, overall survival was comparable between allo‐ and auto‐HSCT in this cohort, and durable outcomes after transplant were largely observed in patients who achieved complete remission. These findings are hypothesis‐generating and support individualized, response‐adapted strategies that warrant prospective validation. Survival outcomes in T‐LBL vs. T‐ALL: Implications for early allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

BackgroundOur aim was to investigate the relationship between coexisting cluster headache (CH) and migraine with anxiety and depression during active cluster bouts, and how symptoms change during remission.MethodsWe analyzed data from 222 consecutive CH patients and 99 age- and sex-matched controls using a prospective multicenter registry. Anxiety or depression was evaluated using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) or Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Moderate-to-severe anxiety or depression was defined as a score of ≥10 at baseline (during a cluster bout). We assessed for changes in anxiety and depression during CH remission periods.ResultsAmong the CH patients, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe anxiety and depression was seen in 38.2% and 34.6%, respectively. Compared with controls, CH patients were associated with moderate-to-severe anxiety and depression (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.32, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 3.35–15.99 and aOR = 4.95, 95% CI = 2.32–10.57, respectively). CH patients with migraine were significantly more likely to have moderate-to-severe anxiety and depression (aOR = 32.53, 95% CI = 6.63–159.64 and aOR = 16.88, 95% CI = 4.16–68.38, respectively), compared to controls without migraine. The GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores were significantly reduced between cluster bout and remission periods (from 6.8 ± 5.6 to 1.6 ± 2.8; P < 0.001, and from 6.1 ± 5.0 to 1.8 ± 2.4; P < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsOur results indicate that CH patients are at increased risk of anxiety and depression, especially in the presence of coexisting migraine. However, the anxiety and depression can improve during remission periods.

Background/Objectives: Follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) are low-grade B-cell lymphomas (LGBCLs) with indolent clinical courses but a lifelong risk of histologic transformation (HT) to aggressive lymphomas, particularly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Predicting HT can be challenging due to class imbalances and the inherent complexity of time-dependent events. While there are current prognostic indices for survival, they do not specifically address HT risk. This study aimed to develop and validate survival-based and traditional classification machine-learning models to predict HT in cohorts. Methods: Using a multicenter retrospective dataset (n = 1068), survival models (Cox proportional hazards, Lasso-Cox, Random Survival Forest, Gradient-boosted Cox [GBM-Cox], eXtreme Gradient Boosting [XGBoost]-Cox), and classification models (Logistic regression, Lasso logistic, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost) were compared. The best-performing survival models—XGBoost-Cox, Lasso-Cox, and GBM-Cox—were assessed on an independent test set (n = 92). Model sensitivity was maximized using optimal binary risk cutoff points based on Youden’s index. Results: Survival models showed superior predictive performance than classical classifiers, with XGBoost-Cox exhibiting the highest mean accuracy (85.3%), time-dependent area under the curve (0.795), sensitivity (98%), specificity (83.9%), and concordance index (0.836). Incorporating next-generation sequencing (NGS) data improved model accuracy and specificity, indicating that genetic factors improve HT prediction. Principal component analysis revealed distinct gene mutation patterns associated with HT risk, highlighting DNA-repair genes such as TP53, BLM, and RAD50. Conclusions: This study highlights the clinical value of survival-based machine-learning methods integrated with NGS data to personalize HT risk stratification for patients with FL and MZL.