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The Impact of Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Supplements and Yogurt Consumption on the Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia among Adults: A Systematic Review
Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation and yogurt consumption (a probiotic food) alter gut microbial diversity, which may influence colorectal carcinogenesis. This systematic review evaluates the existing literature on the effect of these nutritional supplements and yogurt consumption on colorectal neoplasia incidence among adults. We systematically identified ten randomized controlled trials and observational studies in adults age ≥ 18 without baseline gastrointestinal disease. Prebiotics included inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Probiotics included bacterial strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Escherichia coli. Synbiotic supplements, a mixture of both prebiotic and probiotic supplements, and yogurt, a commonly consumed dietary source of live microbes, were also included. We defined colorectal neoplasia as colorectal adenomas, sessile serrated polyps, and colorectal cancer (CRC). Overall, findings suggest a moderate decrease in risk of adenoma and CRC for high levels of yogurt consumption compared to low or no consumption. Prebiotic supplementation was not associated with colorectal neoplasia risk. There was some evidence that probiotic supplementation may be associated with lower risk of adenomas but not with CRC incidence. Higher yogurt consumption may be associated with lower incidence of colorectal neoplasia. We found little evidence to suggest that prebiotic or probiotic supplements are associated with significant decreases in CRC occurrence.
Journal Article
Ask me anything : every fact you ever wanted to know
A collection of questions and answers, lists, and trivia organized into such categories as space, dinosaurs, transportation, and history.
Book
Association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Background
Both short and long sleep duration have been consistently studied as a risk factor for obesity, hyperglycemia and hypertension. In this cross-sectional study, we provide an updated analysis of the Health Examinees (HEXA) study on the association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome (MetS) occurrence among Koreans age 40–69 year olds.
Methods
A total of 133,608 subjects (44,930 men, 88,678 women) were enrolled in the HEXA study 2004–2013. Sleep duration was categorized into 4 sleep categories (< 6 h, 6 to < 8 h, 8 to < 10 h, ≥10 h). MetS criterion was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
Compared with individuals sleeping 6 to < 8 h per day, less than 6 h of sleep was associated with MetS (multivariable adjusted OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05–1.19) and elevated waist circumference (1.15, 1.08–1.23) among men; with elevated waist circumference (1.09, 1.04–1.14) among women. Greater than 10 h of sleep was associated with MetS (1.28, 1.08–1.50) and elevated triglycerides (1.33, 1.14–1.56) among men; with MetS (1.40, 1.24–1.58), elevated waist circumference (1.14, 1.02–1.27), elevated triglycerides (1.41, 1.25–1.58), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (1.24, 1.12–1.38), and elevated fasting glucose (1.39, 1.23–1.57) among women.
Conclusions
Less than 6 h of sleep is associated with elevated waist circumference among both men and women and with MetS among men only. Greater than 10 h of sleep is associated with MetS and elevated triglycerides among both men and women and with elevated waist circumference, reduced HDL-C, and elevated fasting glucose among women only.
Journal Article
Stability and reproducibility of proteomic profiles measured with an aptamer-based platform
The feasibility of SOMAscan, a multiplex, high sensitivity proteomics platform, for use in studies using archived plasma samples has not yet been assessed. We quantified 1,305 proteins from plasma samples donated by 16 Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) participants, 40 NHSII participants, and 12 local volunteers. We assessed assay reproducibility using coefficients of variation (CV) from duplicate samples and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman correlation coefficients (r) of samples processed (i.e., centrifuged and aliquoted into separate components) immediately, 24, and 48 hours after collection, as well as those of samples collected from the same individuals 1 year apart. CVs were <20% for 99% of proteins overall and <10% for 92% of proteins in heparin samples compared to 66% for EDTA samples. We observed ICC or Spearman r (comparing immediate vs. 24-hour delayed processing) ≥0.75 for 61% of proteins, with some variation by anticoagulant (56% for heparin and 70% for EDTA) and protein class (ranging from 49% among kinases to 83% among hormones). Within-person stability over 1 year was good (ICC or Spearman r ≥ 0.4) for 91% of proteins. These results demonstrate the feasibility of SOMAscan for analyses of archived plasma samples.
Journal Article
Engaging stakeholders in the co-development of programs or interventions using Intervention Mapping: A scoping review
Health care innovations tailored to stakeholder context are more readily adopted. This study aimed to describe how Intervention Mapping (IM) was used to design health care innovations and how stakeholders were involved.
A scoping review was conducted. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Science Citation Index were searched from 2008 to November 2017. English language studies that used or cited Intervention Mapping were eligible. Screening and data extraction were done in triplicate. Summary statistics were used to describe study characteristics, IM steps employed, and stakeholder involvement.
A total of 852 studies were identified, 449 were unique, and 333 were excluded based on title and abstracts, 116 full-text articles were considered and 61 articles representing 60 studies from 13 countries for a variety of clinical issues were included. The number of studies published per year increased since 2008 and doubled in 2016 and 2017. The majority of studies employed multiple research methods (76.7%) and all 6 IM steps (73.3%). Resulting programs/interventions were single (55.4%) or multifaceted (46.4%), and 60.7% were pilot-tested. Programs or interventions were largely educational material or meetings, and were targeted to patients (70.2%), clinicians (14.0%) or both (15.8%). Studies provided few details about current or planned evaluation. Of the 4 (9.3%) studies that reported impact or outcomes, 3 achieved positive improvements in patient or professional behaviour or patient outcomes. Many studies (28.3%) did not involve stakeholders. Those that did (71.7%) often involved a combination of patients, clinicians, and community organizations. However, less than half (48.8%) described how they were engaged. Most often stakeholders were committee members and provide feedback on program or intervention content or format.
It is unclear if use of IM or stakeholder engagement in IM consistently results in effective programs or interventions. Those employing IM should report how stakeholders were involved in each IM step and how involvement influenced program or intervention design. They should also report the details or absence of planned evaluation. Future research should investigate how to optimize stakeholder engagement in IM, and whether use of IM itself or stakeholder engagement in IM are positively associated with effective programs or interventions.
Journal Article
Egg Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Results from the Health Examinees Study
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of metabolic alterations such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemias, elevated fasting glucose, and hypertension. Studies on the association between egg consumption and MetS are limited and inconsistent. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to examine the association of egg consumption with MetS among Korean adults aged 40–69 years. A total of 130,420 subjects (43,682 men and 86,738 women) from the Health Examinees Study were selected for the final analysis. Egg consumption was estimated using a validated 106-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association of egg consumption with MetS via odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for potential variables. Among 130,420 subjects, 34,039 (26.1%) people had MetS. Consumption of more than 7 eggs/week was associated with a lower odds of MetS risk compared to those who consumed less than one egg/week in women (OR: 0.77, 95%CI: 0.70–0.84, p trend < 0.0001). Higher egg consumption was inversely associated with the MetS components: elevated waist circumference (OR: 0.80, 0.75–0.86), elevated triglyceride (OR: 0.78, 0.72–0.85), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR: 0.82, 0.77–0.88), elevated blood pressure (OR: 0.86, 0.80–0.92), and elevated fasting glucose (OR: 0.94, 0.83–0.99) in women; reduced HDL-C (OR: 0.89, 0.80–1.00) in men. Our results suggest that higher egg consumption may be associated with a reduction in the odds for MetS and all five metabolic components in women, and the risk of reduced HDL-C in men.
Journal Article
Association between indicators of systemic inflammation biomarkers during puberty with breast density and onset of menarche
Background
Systemic inflammation may play a role in shaping breast composition, one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Pubertal development presents a critical window of breast tissue susceptibility to exogenous and endogenous factors, including pro-inflammatory markers. However, little is known about the role of systemic inflammation on adolescent breast composition and pubertal development among girls.
Methods
We investigated associations between circulating levels of inflammatory markers (e.g., interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), and C-reactive protein (CRP)) at Tanner stages 2 and 4 and breast composition at Tanner stage 4 in a cohort of 397 adolescent girls in Santiago, Chile (Growth and Obesity Cohort Study, 2006–2018). Multivariable linear models were used to examine the association between breast composition and each inflammatory marker, stratifying by Tanner stage at inflammatory marker measurement. Accelerated failure time models were used to evaluate the association between inflammatory markers concentrations at each Tanner stage and time to menarche.
Results
In age-adjusted linear regression models, a doubling of TNFR2 at Tanner 2 was associated with a 26% (95% CI 7–48%) increase in total breast volume at Tanner 4 and a 22% (95% CI 10–32%) decrease of fibroglandular volume at Tanner 4. In multivariable models further adjusted for body fatness and other covariates, these associations were attenuated to the null. The time to menarche was 3% (95% CI 1–5%) shorter among those in the highest quartile of IL-6 at Tanner 2 relative to those in the lowest quartile in fully adjusted models. Compared to those in the lowest quartile of CRP at Tanner 4, those in the highest quartile experienced 2% (95% CI 0–3%) longer time to menarche in multivariable models.
Conclusions
Systemic inflammation during puberty was not associated with breast volume or breast density at the conclusion of breast development among pubertal girls after adjusting for body fatness; however, these circulating inflammation biomarkers, specifically CRP and IL-6, may affect the timing of menarche onset.
Journal Article