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Brain organoids are three-dimensional (3D) structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that reflect early brain organization. These organoids contain different cell types, including neurons and glia, similar to those found in the human brain. Human brain organoids provide unique opportunities to model features of human brain development that are not well-reflected in animal models. Compared with traditional cell cultures and animal models, brain organoids offer a more accurate representation of human brain development and function, rendering them suitable models for neurodevelopmental diseases. In particular, brain organoids derived from patients’ cells have enabled researchers to study diseases at different stages and gain a better understanding of disease mechanisms. Multi-brain regional assembloids allow for the investigation of interactions between distinct brain regions while achieving a higher level of consistency in molecular and functional characterization. Although organoids possess promising features, their usefulness is limited by several unresolved constraints, including cellular stress, hypoxia, necrosis, a lack of high-fidelity cell types, limited maturation, and circuit formation. In this review, we discuss studies to overcome the natural limitations of brain organoids, emphasizing the importance of combinations of all neural cell types, such as glia (astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and vascular cells. Additionally, considering the similarity of organoids to the developing brain, regionally patterned brain organoid-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) could serve as a scalable source for cell replacement therapy. We highlight the potential application of brain organoid-derived cells in disease cell therapy within this field.

Dairy products are known to improve blood lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity and to reduce risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms through which dairy product consumption influences NAFLD via MetS components remain unclear. This study examined the mediating effects of MetS components on the association between dairy product consumption and NAFLD. This study included 12,775 Korean adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2019-2021. Dairy product intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. NAFLD was defined using a hepatic steatosis index score >36, and MetS was classified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations among dairy intake, NAFLD, and MetS components. Mediation analyses with bootstrapping (n = 1,000) were performed to investigate the mediating effects of individual MetS components on the association between dairy consumption and NAFLD. Consumption of more than one serving of dairy products was associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.96). Regarding MetS components, intake of one serving of dairy products was associated with lower odds of elevated triglycerides in men (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.89). In women, consumption of at least one serving was associated with decreased hyperglycemia (AOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97), abdominal obesity (AOR, 0.69; 95% CI: 0.55-0.87), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (AOR, 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72-0.95), and elevated triglyceride levels (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.85). Mediation analyses indicated that, among women, significant proportions of the associations between dairy product consumption and NAFLD were mediated by waist circumference (58.0%), systolic blood pressure (18.2%), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (51.7%), whereas no significant mediation effects were observed among men. Dairy product consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of MetS and NAFLD among women. Mediation analysis further suggested that dairy product consumption may reduce the risk of NAFLD by improving metabolic dysfunction among women.

Ni-rich layered LiNi 0.84 Co 0.10 Mn 0.06 O 2 cathode material was modified by doping with vanadium to enhance the electrochemical performances. The XRD, FESEM and XPS analyses were indicated that the vanadium is successfully doped in the crystal lattice of LiNi 0.84 Co 0.10 Mn 0.06 O 2 with high crystallinity. 0.05 mol% vanadium doped LiNi 0.84 Co 0.10 Mn 0.06 O 2 exhibits superior initial discharge capacity of 204.4 mAh g −1 , cycling retention of 88.1% after 80 cycles and rate capability of 86.2% at 2 C compared to those of pristine sample. It can be inferred that the vanadium doping can stabilize the crystal structure and improve the lithium-ion kinetics of the layered cathode materials.

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in humans with type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Activation of the NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and subsequent interleukin (IL)-1β release induces atherosclerosis and heart failure. Here we show the effect of SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Patients with T2D and high cardiovascular risk receive SGLT2 inhibitor or sulfonylurea for 30 days, with NLRP3 inflammasome activation analyzed in macrophages. While the SGLT2 inhibitor’s glucose-lowering capacity is similar to sulfonylurea, it shows a greater reduction in IL-1β secretion compared to sulfonylurea accompanied by increased serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and decreased serum insulin. Ex vivo experiments with macrophages verify the inhibitory effects of high BHB and low insulin levels on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibitor attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which might help to explain its cardioprotective effects. SGLT2 inhibitors, a class of type 2 diabetes medication, reduce cardiovascular events in patients beyond expectation from blood sugar control. Here the authors report a randomized controlled trial showing that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce inflammasome activation in peripheral macrophages, which may contribute to the cardiovascular protection.

Molybdenum modified LiNi 0.84 Co 0.11 Mn 0.05 O 2 cathode with different doping concentrations (0–5 wt.%) is successfully prepared and its electrochemical performances are investigated. It is demonstrated that molybdenum in LiNi 0.84 Co 0.11 Mn 0.05 O 2 has a positive effect on structural stability and extraordinary electrochemical performances, including improved long-term cycling and high-rate capability. Among all samples, the 1 wt. % molybdenum LiNi 0.84 Co 0.11 Mn 0.05 O 2 delivers superior initial discharge capacity of 205 mAh g −1 (0.1 C), cycling stability of 89.5% (0.5 C) and rate capability of 165 mAh g −1 (2 C) compared to those of others. Therefore, we can conclude that the 1 wt. % molybdenum is an effective strategy for Ni-rich LiNi 0.84 Co 0.11 Mn 0.05 O 2 cathode used in lithium ion batteries.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become the most widely used thin‐film deposition technique in various fields due to its unique advantages, such as self‐terminating growth, precise thickness control, and excellent deposition quality. In the energy storage domain, ALD has shown great potential for supercapacitors (SCs) by enabling the construction and surface engineering of novel electrode materials. This review aims to present a comprehensive outlook on the development, achievements, and design of advanced electrodes involving the application of ALD for realizing high‐performance SCs to date, as organized in several sections of this paper. Specifically, this review focuses on understanding the influence of ALD parameters on the electrochemical performance and discusses the ALD of nanostructured electrochemically active electrode materials on various templates for SCs. It examines the influence of ALD parameters on electrochemical performance and highlights ALD's role in passivating electrodes and creating 3D nanoarchitectures. The relationship between synthesis procedures and SC properties is analyzed to guide future research in preparing materials for various applications. Finally, it is concluded by suggesting the directions and scope of future research and development to further leverage the unique advantages of ALD for fabricating new materials and harness the unexplored opportunities in the fabrication of advanced‐generation SCs.

Ni-rich cathode is one of the promising candidate for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we prepare the different super-P carbon black amounts [0.1 (SPB 0.1 wt%), 0.3 (SPB 0.3 wt%), 0.5 (SPB 0.5 wt%) and 0.7 wt% (SPB 0.7 wt%)] of carbon coated LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) cathodes and their electrochemical performances are investigated. Carbon coating does not change the crystal structure and morphology of NCM811. Among the coated NCM811, the SPB 0.5 wt% NCM811 delivers the excellent cyclability (87.8% after 80 cycles) and rate capability (86.5% at 2 C) compared to those of pristine NCM811. It is ascribed to that the carbon coating not only increase the Li ion and electron transfer as well as protect the NCM811 cathode materials from side reaction at the electrolyte/NCM811 interface. Therefore, we can conclude that the appropriate amount of carbon coating can be regarded as an effective approach for Ni-rich NCM cathode.

Gastric-type mucinous carcinoma (GAS) is a recently established variant of endocervical mucinous adenocarcinoma that is characterized as being unrelated to HPV and having aggressive behavior and chemoresistance. GAS has a distinct morphology resembling nonneoplastic gastric glands or pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma, and their possible genetic similarity has been posed. In this study, next-generation sequencing was performed in 21 GAS cases using a customized panel including 94 cancer-associated genes. A total of 54 nonsynonymous somatic mutations were detected with an average mutation rate of 2.6 per lesion (range: 0–9). The most frequently mutated gene was TP53 (11/21, 52.4%), followed by STK11, HLA-B, PTPRS (4/21, 19.0%), FGFR4 (3/21, 14.3%), GNAS, BRCA2, ELF3, ERBB3, KMT2D, SLX4 (2/21, 9.5%), CDH1, EPCAM, KRAS, MLH1, RNF43, SNAI1, TWIST1, ZEB1, ZEB2, and so on (1/21, 4.8%). The mutated genes were mostly involved in signal transduction, DNA damage repair, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Correlation of TP53 mutation and p53 protein expression demonstrated that 31.3% with abnormal p53 expression harbored wild-type TP53. Compared to genetic features of gastric and pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma, TP53 mutations were frequent in both GAS and gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. While KMT2D, ERBB3, and RNF43 mutations were shared between GAS and gastric adenocarcinoma, highly mutated genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma such as KRAS, SMAD4, and CDKN2A were rarely mutated in GAS. Of frequently mutated genes in cholangiocarcinoma, BAP1 and HLA-B were identified in GAS. Frequent EMT-related gene mutations suggested a possible role of EMT-related pathways in tumor dissemination and chemoresistance of GAS. In addition, GAS shared some genetic features with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. These findings provide a clue in understanding the biological basis of GAS.

In this study, lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) is coated on the surface of Ni-rich LiNi 0.91 Co 0.06 Mn 0.03 O 2 cathode material to enhance its cyclability and rate performance. The process is carried-out by achieving dual benefits, reduction of residual lithium compounds by converting them into Li 3 PO 4 coating material. The 0.1 mol.% Li 3 PO 4 (LiP) sample exhibits a capacity retention of 82% while the pristine NCM shows only 68.1% after 100 cycles. In addition, the LiP-0.1 NCM delivers high discharge capacities (161.9 mAh g −1 at 3C, 144.3 mAh g −1 at 4C and 94.6 mAh g −1 at 5C) as compared to the pristine NCM (129.3 mAh g −1 at 3C, 67.4 mAh g −1 at 4C and 33.4 mAh g −1 at 5C) in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3 V. In addition, the irreversible phase transition has also suppressed in the coated sample which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. Our study suggests that Li 3 PO 4 coating reduces the polarization and acts as protecting layer between the electrode and electrolyte that results in the superior electrochemical performance.

We report high electrochemical performances of LiNi 0.91 Co 0.06 Mn 0.03 O 2 cathode material for high-energy lithium ion batteries. LiNi 0.91 Co 0.06 Mn 0.03 O 2 is synthesized at various sintering temperatures (640~740 °C). The sintering temperatures affect crystallinity and structural stability, which play an important role in electrochemical performances of LiNi 0.91 Co 0.06 Mn 0.03 O 2 . The electrochemical performances are improved with increasing sintering temperature up to an optimal sintering temperature. The LiNi 0.91 Co 0.06 Mn 0.03 O 2 sintered at 660 °C shows remarkably excellent performances such as initial discharge capacity of 211.5 mAh/g at 0.1 C, cyclability of 85.3% after 70 cycles at 0.5 C and rate capability of 90.6% at 2 C as compared to 0.5 C. These results validate that LiNi 0.91 Co 0.06 Mn 0.03 O 2 sintered at 660 °C can be regarded as a next generation cathode.