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Controlling the crystallinity of CoFeB is the most essential issue for designing various spintronics devices. Here we show the microstructure and magnetic properties of MgO/CoFeB/MgO structures for various boron concentration. We present the effect of boron on the crystallinity of CoFeB into two categories: the critical boron concentration (5 ~ 6%) at which CoFeB crystallizes and the effect of remaining boron (0 ~ 5%) in the crystallized CoFeB. And the trends of the saturation magnetization, exchange stiffness, exchange length, domain wall energy and Gilbert damping constant according to the boron concentration are provided. Abrupt variation of properties near the critical boron concentration (5 ~ 6%) and a noticeable change in the crystallized CoFeB (0 ~ 5%) are confirmed, revealing a clear causal relationship with the structural analysis. These results propose that the crystallization, microstructure, and major magnetic properties of CoFeB are governed by the amount of boron, and emphasize the need for delicate control of boron concentration.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) containing various contents of α-chitin nanowhiskers (CtNWs) or chitosan nanowhiskers (CsNWs) were fabricated via electrospinning. The CtNWs were extracted by acid hydrolysis of chitin obtained from shrimp shells. The CsNWs were prepared by surface deacetylation of CtNWs by alkaline treatment. The CtNWs and CsNWs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The morphological and structural analyses of the PVA NFMs containing CtNWS or CsNWs were conducted by field emission scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Also, the physical properties of the NFMs were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and texture analyzer. The adsorption capacity toward cationic methylene blue of the PVA NFMs with CtNWs or CsNWs was evaluated using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and it was found that the electrostatic repulsive force due to the surface positive charges of CtNWs and CsNWs reduced the adsorption performance.

The processing speed index (PSI) of the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (K-WISC-V) is highly correlated with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is an important indicator of cognitive function. However, restrictions on the frequency of testing prevent short-term PSI assessments. An accessible, objective technique for predicting PSI scores would enable better short-term monitoring and intervention for children with ADHD. To enable objective and accessible monitoring of cognitive function beyond traditional clinical assessments, this study aimed to develop a machine learning model that predicts the PSI scores of children with ADHD using behavioral data from serious games. Sixty-eight children (6-13 y of age) with ADHD were recruited, and after excluding incomplete data, 59 participants were included in the final analysis. The participants completed an initial PSI assessment using the K-WISC-V followed by 25 minutes of engagement with serious game content. Data from the game sessions were used to train machine learning models, and the models' performance in predicting PSI scores was evaluated using the root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percent error (MAPE), with K-fold cross-validation (k=4) applied to ensure robustness. Among the individual machine learning models, support vector regression (SVR) had the best performance, with the lowest RMSE of 11.288, MAE of 7.874, and MAPE of 7.375%. The best overall performance was achieved by the ensemble integrating AdaBoost, Elastic Net, and SVR, which recorded the lowest RMSE of 10.072, MAE of 6.798, and MAPE of 6.611%. The predictive accuracy of this ensemble model was highest for PSI scores near the mean value of 100, demonstrating its reliability for clinical applications. The developed PSI prediction model has the potential to serve as an objective and accessible tool for monitoring cognitive function in children with ADHD. As a complement to traditional assessments, this approach allows continuous tracking of symptom changes and can support more personalized treatment planning in both clinical and everyday settings, which may improve accessibility and adherence. However, the findings need to be validated in larger, more diverse populations, and the long-term feasibility of using serious games in clinical and educational settings must be further examined.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment accompanied by behavioral disturbances and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Conventional clinic-based assessments and biomarkers provide essential diagnostic information, but these episodic measurements are limited in capturing longitudinal AD-related symptoms. Digital phenotyping has emerged as a complementary approach that addresses this limitation by enabling continuous monitoring of cognitive and functional changes in everyday life. This narrative review defines digital phenotyping as a longitudinal monitoring approach that complements episodic clinical evaluations rather than replacing diagnostic assessment. Building on this, we propose a novel, stage-specific digital phenotyping framework that integrates passive and active data streams with artificial intelligence (AI) and non-AI-driven analytics to generate personalized AD symptom profiles aligned with disease progression. AI enhances the interpretability of subtle cognitive and behavioral changes observed in daily life by transforming continuously collected real-world data into clinically actionable insights across different stages of disease progression. In addition, we address three strategic priorities for advancing AI-driven digital phenotyping in AD: the development of standardized phenotyping protocols, the implementation of ambient sensing systems for later disease stages, and AI-enabled longitudinal multimodal data fusion. Moreover, we describe how increased variability and subtle disruptions in daily routines may reflect early AD progression and outline key considerations for real-world implementation, including data integration, interpretability, and clinical workflow alignment. Collectively, this review provides new insights into digital phenotyping as a scalable monitoring infrastructure that complements biomarker frameworks and enables continuous assessment across the AD continuum.

Lavers are typically consumed in dried or seasoned forms. However, commercially processed lavers can lead to seafood fraud because it is impossible to authenticate the original species based on morphological characteristics alone. In this study, we developed a capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to authenticate six different laver species. The species-specific primer sets to target the chloroplast rbcL or rbcS genes were newly designed. We successfully established both singleplex and multiplex conditions, which resulted in specific amplicons for each species (N. dentata, 274 bp; N. yezoensis, 211 bp; N. seriata, 195 bp; N. tenera, 169 bp; N. haitanensis, 127 bp; P. suborbiculata, 117 bp). Moreover, the assays were sensitive enough to detect DNA ranging from 10 to 0.1 pg of DNA. The optimized capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex PCR was successfully applied to 40 commercial laver products. In addition to detecting the laver species as stated on the commercial label, the assay discovered cases where less expensive species were mixed in. With its advantageous properties, such as short amplicon size, high specificity, and superior sensitivity, this assay could be used for the authentication of the six laver species.

Correction of: https://games.jmir.org/2025/1/e73408

This research analyzes the impact of quality of service as perceived by Hapkido students on their exercise continuation and recommendation intentions. It also identifies measures to reduce the rate of student dropout, strengthen competitiveness, and create more efficient marketing strategies for consumer patterns that are rapidly diversifying Hapkido. A questionnaire survey method was conducted with 300 middle and high school students, aged 14–19 years, with between three months and two years of Hapkido training in Incheon and Bucheon during March and April 2019. Frequency, factor, reliability, correlation, and standard multiple regression analyses were conducted on the surveyed data. The study concludes that, first, considering the impact of service quality on exercise continuation intention, service quality positively affects reliability, personification, and perceptual openness; in terms of possibility, it positively affects typicality, personification, and perceptual openness; and in terms of reinforcement, it positively affects reliability and perceptual openness. Second, regarding the impact of service quality on recommendation intention, it positively affects reliability, personification, and perceptual openness. Third, exercise continuation intention positively affects recommendation intention. This study suggests that various efforts should be made to increase the reliability, tangibility, confidence, and empathy of the service quality to increase the exercise continuation and recommendation intentions of the trainees of Hapkido gymnasiums.

To reveal the role of chirality on field-free spin–orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetization switching, we propose an existence of z -torque through the formation of noncollinear spin texture during SOT-induced magnetization switching in a laterally two-level perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) system. For the investigation of torque, we simulate magnetization dynamics in the two-level PMA system with SOT, which generates the noncollinear spin texture. From the spatial distribution of magnetic energy, we reveal the additional z-directional torque contribution in the noncollinear spin texture, which is unexpected in the conventional SOT-induced magnetization switching in collinear spin texture. The z -directional torque originates from the interaction between the chirality of the noncollinear spin texture and the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction of the system. Furthermore, the experimental observation of the asymmetric magnetization switching to the direction of the current flow in the two-level PMA system supports our theoretical expectation.

Stereoisomerism, arising from the distinctive spatial arrangements of atoms despite identical molecular formulae, often displays different chemical reactivities. Herein, we demonstrate how geometric isomerism of multifunctional electrolyte additives affects aqueous zinc metal batteries. Inspired by natural bacteria, we compared trans-butenedioic acid (fumaric acid) and its cis-isomer (maleic acid), revealing different hydrogen bonding dynamics and solvation environments, as confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and computational simulations. The trans-isomer promotes the formation of favorable interfacial structures and ion pathways, improving Zn deposition reversibility and cycling stability. As a result, Zn symmetric cells showed stable plating/stripping for over 6150 h at 1 mA cm −2 and 1 mAh cm −2 and 1500 h at 5 mA cm −2 and 5 mAh cm −2 . The Zn-predeposited Cu||MnVO full cells exhibited a capacity retention exceeding 70% after 1000 cycles at 2 A g −1 , ultimately achieving over 270 cycles for initially anodeless Cu||zincated MnVO cells at a high current density of 30 mA cm −2 . The application of the isomerism concept on the design of new electrolyte materials and associated solvated and interphasial chemistries offers a new pathway to the next generation of batteries. Stereoisomers can exhibit distinct chemical behaviors despite identical formulas. Here, the authors reveal how geometric isomers of electrolyte additives tailor solvation and interphasial chemistry, enhancing Zn-ion kinetics and long-term stability in aqueous zinc metal batteries.

In this study, various shapes of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized via simple methods in aqueous solution. The size and shape of Ag NPs were measured by TEM image and DLS, and the crystalline form of Ag NPs was confirmed by XRD. From ATR-IR and zeta potential, the Ag NPs were found to be well surrounded by PVP. In addition, the catalytic activity of Ag NPs was evaluated using model dyes. Unlike the conventional catalysts, the model dyes with absorption peaks that did not overlap with the SPR peaks of the Ag NPs were selected to evaluate the catalytic activity without removal of the Ag NPs from the dye solution.