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We calculate pp → ℓ + ν, ℓ −$$ \\overline{\\nu} $$ν ¯ to$$ \\mathcal{O} $$O (1 / Λ 4 ) within the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) framework. In particular, we calculate the four-fermion contribution from dimension six and eight operators, which dominates at large center of mass energy. We explore the relative size of the$$ \\mathcal{O} $$O (1 / Λ 4 ) and$$ \\mathcal{O} $$O (1 / Λ 2 ) results for various kinematic regimes and assumptions about the Wilson coefficients. Results for Drell-Yan production pp → ℓ + ℓ − at$$ \\mathcal{O} $$O (1 / Λ 4 ) are also provided. Additionally, we develop the form for four fermion contact term contributions to pp → ℓ + ν, ℓ −$$ \\overline{\\nu} $$ν ¯ , pp → ℓ + ℓ − of arbitrary mass dimension. This allows us to estimate the effects from even higher dimensional (dimension > 8) terms in the SMEFT framework.

We explore the phenomenological impact of interference in tree-level contributions to three-body final states in 2 → 3 scattering processes. This work introduces a novel search strategy leveraging asymmetries to enable sensitivity to CP-violating effects in less well-explored regions of phase space. Analytically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this observable in probing interference between Standard Model charged-current decays and effective left-handed vector interactions, illustrated in a toy model featuring a scalar leptoquark, S 1 ∼ ( 3 , 1 , - 1 / 3 ) . Numerically, we apply this framework to studying the process p p → b τ ν ; unlike traditional high- p T searches or “bump hunts”, this approach utilizes an intermediate energy regime – where new physics is neither light enough to be produced on shell or heavy enough to justify an effective field theory treatment. A proof-of-principle analysis at parton level demonstrates a percent-level asymmetry, with sensitivity also to BSM weak-CP phase. While the specific phase sensitivity is diminished at particle level due to showering and detector effects, a machine learning classifier can recover sensitively to the presence of SM-BSM interference, significantly outperforming standard analysis methods. Notably discrimination between BSM signal and SM background could be achieved at the 2 σ level for the current LHC dataset and 8 σ at the High-Luminosity LHC. Moreover, this asymmetry observable as defined can also be more broadly applied to other searches for CP-violation in 2 → 3 processes in present and future collider environments.

Electroless plating is a solution‐based metal deposition technique through redox reaction, without external power. Due to its simple, versatile, and low‐cost process, coupled with high compatibility with various metals, electroless plating has become a key technology in many industrial fields such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. Recent advances in electroless plating have enabled sophisticated plating on polymers and three‐dimensional surfaces, making it a prominent technology in emerging fields such as selective laser sintering, additive manufacturing, and wearable technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electroless plating, from its core theory to the latest research trends. Initially, the detailed mechanism of electroless plating is described, followed by an examination of the plating process. Then, the compositions of a typical electroless plating bath are introduced, and the critical operating parameters are categorized. Next, the evaluation factors of electroless plated surfaces are discussed, along with the current limitations of electroless plating technology. Finally, the various applications of electroless plating studied to date are presented, and future directions for this technology are suggested. This article provides a comprehensive overview of electroless plating, covering its basic mechanisms, bath composition, operating parameters, and metal layer characterization. It also addresses recent advancements, current limitations, and potential improvements, as well as the technology's applications in various industries. The review serves as a valuable guide for researchers and newcomers, offering both theoretical understanding and practical insights.

This study was performed to investigate the association of red cell distribution width (RDW) with 28-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Patients' demographic data, comorbidities, the blood test results including RDW at admission to the emergency department, and Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II score were compared between 28-day survivors and nonsurvivors. Red cell distribution width was categorized into tertiles as 14% or less, 14.1% to 15.7%, and 15.8% or greater. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for mortality. A total of 566 patients were included, and overall mortality was 29%. Red cell distribution width was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors, and the corresponding mortality of patients with an RDW of 14% or less, 14.1% to 15.7%, and 15.8% or greater was 13.1%, 30.1%, and 44.9%, respectively (P < .001). In Cox proportional hazards analysis, groups with higher RDW are independently associated with 28-day mortality compared with groups with an RDW of 14.0% or less: RDW 14.1% to 15.7% (hazard ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.76) and RDW of 15.8% or greater (hazard ratio, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.53-4.34). The area under the receiver operating curve of RDW was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63-0.72). Red cell distribution width is associated with 28-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

This paper presents a real-time thrust fault diagnosis module for hexacopter UAVs, utilizing supervised learning and disturbance observers. The primary aim is to enhance the real-time diagnostic capabilities crucial for UAV safety and reliability. By employing disturbance observer technology, the proposed method effectively identifies and classifies thrust faults only using moment of Inertia data. The system was tested using GAZEBO simulations and real flight scenarios, demonstrating its effectiveness in accurately diagnosing faults. The research offers valuable insights into thrust fault diagnosis methodologies, contributing to improved fault-tolerant control systems for UAVs.

This study presents a belt sanding robot for large convex surfaces together with a proportional–integral force control method. Sanding belt tension strongly affects area coverage and spatial normal-force uniformity on large curved surfaces; existing approaches typically use fixed tool positions or lack active tension regulation, which limits coverage and makes force distribution difficult to control. The mechanism consists of two series elastic actuator arms and an active re-tensioner that adjusts belt tension during contact. In contrast to a conventional belt sander, the series elastic configuration enables indirect estimation of the reaction force without load cells and provides compliant interaction with contact transients. The system is evaluated on curved steel plates using vertical scans with a belt width of 50 mm and a drive wheel speed of 300 rpm. Performance is reported for two target curvature values, namely 0.47 and 1.37, with five trials for each condition. The control objective is a constant normal force along the contact, achieved through proportional–integral control of the arms for normal-force tracking and the re-tensioner for belt tension regulation. To quantify spatial force uniformity, the distribution rate is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum normal forces to the maximum normal force measured across the belt–workpiece contact region. Compared with a simple belt sander baseline, the proposed system increased the sanded area coverage by 31.85%, from 62.20% to 94.05%, at the curvature value of 0.47, and by 8.49%, from 81.21% to 89.70%, at the curvature value of 1.37. The distribution rate improved by 113% at the curvature value of 0.47 and by 16.7% at the curvature value of 1.37. Under identical operating conditions of 50 mm belt width, 300 rpm, and five repeated trials, these results indicate higher area coverage and more uniform force distribution relative to the baseline.

The purpose of study was to evaluate that kallistatin deficiency causes excessive production of reactive oxygen species and exacerbates neuronal injury after cardiac arrest. For in vitro study, kallistatin knockdown human neuronal cells were given ischemia–reperfusion injury, and the oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated. For clinical study, cardiac arrest survivors admitted to the ICU were divided into the good (CPC 1–2) and poor (CPC 3–5) 6-month neurological outcome groups. The serum level of kallistatin, Nox-1, H 2 O 2 were measured. Nox-1 and H 2 O 2 levels were increased in the kallistatin knockdown human neuronal cells with ischemia–reperfusion injury (p < 0.001) and caspase-3 was elevated and apoptosis was promoted (SERPINA4 siRNA: p < 0.01). Among a total of 62 cardiac arrest survivors (16 good, 46 poor), serum kallistatin were lower, and Nox-1 were higher in the poor neurological group at all time points after admission to the ICU ( p  = 0.013 at admission; p  = 0.020 at 24 h; p  = 0.011 at 72 h). At 72 h, H 2 O 2 were higher in the poor neurological group ( p  = 0.038). Kallistatin deficiency exacerbates neuronal ischemia–reperfusion injury and low serum kallistatin levels were associated with poor neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest survivors.

Blockchains are designed to produce a secure, append-only sequence of transactions. Establishing transaction sequentiality is typically achieved by underlying consensus protocols that either prevent forks entirely (no-forking-ever) or make forks short-lived. The main challenges facing blockchains are to achieve this no-forking condition while achieving high throughput, low response time, and low energy costs. This paper presents the Bounce blockchain protocol along with throughput and response time experiments. The core of the Bounce system is a set of satellites that partition time slots. The satellite for slot i signs a commit record that includes the hash of the commit record of slot i−1 as well as a sequence of zero or more Merkle tree roots whose corresponding Merkle trees each has thousands or millions of transactions. The ledger consists of the transactions in the sequence of the Merkle trees corresponding to the roots of the sequence of commit records. Thus, the satellites work as arbiters that decide the next block(s) for the blockchain. Satellites orbiting around the Earth are harder to tamper with and harder to isolate than terrestrial data centers, though our protocol could work with terrestrial data centers as well. Under reasonable assumptions—intermittently failing but non-Byzantine (i.e., non-traitorous) satellites, possibly Byzantine Ground Stations, and “exposure-averse” administrators—the Bounce System achieves high availability and a no-fork-ever blockchain. Our experiments show that the protocol achieves high transactional throughput (5.2 million transactions per two-second slot), low response time (less than three seconds for “premium” transactions and less than ten seconds for “economy” transactions), and minimal energy consumption (under 0.05 joules per transaction). Moreover, given five more cloud sites of the kinds currently available in CloudLab, Clemson, we show how the design could achieve throughputs of 15.2 million transactions per two second slot with the same response time profile.

In general, sanding robots that move as if drawing a line along a surface are mainly used when sanding objects with a large area; however, they require a long working time, and it is difficult to secure a uniform sanded area. This study focuses on large-area sanding robots, such as those for ships, storage tanks, and tank lorries, and proposes an adaptive belt tension robot equipped with a 4-point supported belt mechanism capable of sanding variable curved surfaces. In addition, a sanding normal force prediction formula is proposed to describe the sanding performance of the contact surface. This equation consists of the concentrated load function due to the belt movement and the normal force due to the vertical and horizontal elongation of the belt. A video image analysis was performed to calculate the sanding area. Therefore, we determined whether the area was uniformly sanded. The dimensions of the test bench (W × D × H) were 1700 mm × 1450 mm × 900 mm. Experiments were performed using the proposed techniques on convex specimens with radii of 725, 1000, and 2100 mm. The sanding performance was improved by 43 % compared with that of a general belt-sanding robot.