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An integral part of modern manufacturing process management is to acquire useful information from machining processes to monitor machine and tool condition. Various models have been introduced to detect, classify, and predict tool wear, as a key parameter of the machining process. In more recent developments, sensor-based approaches have been attempted to infer the tool wear condition from real-time processing of the measurement data. Experiments show that the physics-based prediction models can include large uncertainties. Likewise, the measurement-based (or sensor-based) inference techniques are affected by sensor noise and measurement model uncertainties. To manage uncertainties and noise of both methods, a hybrid framework is proposed to fuse together the results of the prediction model and the measurement-based inference data in a stepwise manner. The fusion framework is an extension to the regularized particle filtering technique, used to facilitate updating the state prediction with a numerical inference model, when measurement models alone are not satisfactory. The results show significant improvement in tool wear state estimation, reducing the prediction errors by almost half, compared to the prediction model and sensor-based monitoring method used independently.

Influenza virus and coronavirus, belonging to enveloped RNA viruses, are major causes of human respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the broad spectrum antiviral activity of a naturally existing sulfated polysaccharide, lambda-carrageenan (λ-CGN), purified from marine red algae. Cell culture-based assays revealed that the macromolecule efficiently inhibited both influenza A and B viruses with EC 50 values ranging from 0.3 to 1.4 μg/ml, as well as currently circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an EC 50 value of 0.9 ± 1.1 μg/ml. No toxicity to the host cells was observed at concentrations up to 300 μg/ml. Plaque titration and western blot analysis verified that λ-CGN reduced expression of viral proteins in cell lysates and suppressed progeny virus production in culture supernatants in a dose-dependent manner. This polyanionic compound exerts antiviral activity by targeting viral attachment to cell surface receptors and preventing virus entry. Moreover, its intranasal administration to mice during influenza A viral challenge not only alleviated infection-mediated reductions in body weight but also protected 60% of mice from virus-induced mortality. Thus, λ-CGN could be a promising antiviral agent for preventing infection with several respiratory viruses.

BackgroundRecent progress in amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) has enabled the targeted imaging of cardiac amyloidosis with accuracy. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of cardiac amyloidosis using amyloid PET.MethodsA systematic search was performed using key words: cardiac amyloidosis, amyloid, and PET. We estimated the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Furthermore, the semiquantitative parameters of PET were evaluated to diagnose cardiac amyloidosis and discern its type [systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) vs transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR)] using the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD).ResultsIn total, six eligible studies with a total of 98 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 0.95, the specificity was 0.98, positive LR was 10.130, negative LR was 0.1, and DOR was 148.83. The semiquantitative parameters of amyloid PET showed significantly higher values for cardiac amyloidosis patients than those for controls (pooled SMD = 1.42; P < .001), and in AL than ATTR (pooled SMD = 0.96; P < .001).ConclusionAmyloid PET imaging can be a useful method for diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis. The semiquantitative parameters of amyloid PET can help diagnose cardiac amyloidosis and discern its type.

Permeation properties of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) into nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and fluoroelastomer (FKM) which are the strong candidates for sealing material in H 2 energy infrastructures, was quantified using a thermal desorption analysis gas chromatography (TDA GC) and a self-developed diffusion-analysis program. The samples were charged with H 2 in a high-pressure chamber for 24 h then decompressed into atmosphere, and the mass of H 2 released from the sample was measured as a function of elapsed time after decompression. The developed program calculated the total charging amount C 0 and diffusivity D , which were then used to calculate the H 2 solubility S and permeability P for variation of pressure. The samples were polymerized with and without carbon black (CB) filler in cylindrical shapes with different diameters. There was no appreciable pressure up to 12 MPa or diameter dependence investigated in this study on D, S and P. NBR and EPDM showed dual hydrogen diffusion with fast and slow diffusion behaviors caused by CB, whereas FKM showed a single diffusion behavior. The determined D are D fast, NBR  = (1.55 ± 0.28) × 10 –10  m 2 /s, D slow, NBR  = (3.1 ± 0.5) × 10 –11  m 2 /s, D fast, EPDM  = (3.65 ± 0.66) × 10 –10 m 2 /s, D slow, EPDM  = (3.3 ± 0.5) × 10 –11  m 2 /s, D FKM  = (7.7 ± 0.8) × 10 –11  m 2 /s. It appeared that the filler contributes to increase S and decrease D . The uncertainty analysis against the evaluated data was carried out, too, in order that the method could be applicable as a standard test for the permeation properties of various polymer membranes.

Irreversible phase transformation of layered structure into spinel structure is considered detrimental for most of the layered structure cathode materials. Here we report that this presumably irreversible phase transformation can be rendered to be reversible in sodium birnessite (Na x MnO 2 · y H 2 O) as a basic structural unit. This layered structure contains crystal water, which facilitates the formation of a metastable spinel-like phase and the unusual reversal back to layered structure. The mechanism of this phase reversibility was elucidated by combined soft and hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy with X-ray diffraction, corroborated by first-principle calculations and kinetics investigation. These results show that the reversibility, modulated by the crystal water content between the layered and spinel-like phases during the electrochemical reaction, could activate new cation sites, enhance ion diffusion kinetics and improve its structural stability. This work thus provides in-depth insights into the intercalating materials capable of reversible framework changes, thereby setting the precedent for alternative approaches to the development of cathode materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries. The irreversible layered-to-spinel phase transformation is detrimental for many cathode materials. Here, the authors show that reversibility can be realized in crystal water containing sodium birnessite by controlled dehydration, leading to enhanced ion diffusion kinetics and improved structural stability.

Purpose Lightweighting of components in the automotive industry is a prevailing trend influenced by both consumer demand and government regulations. As the viability of additively manufactured designs continues to increase, traditionally manufactured components are continually being replaced with 3D-printed parts. The purpose of this paper is to present experimental results and design considerations for 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components with non-solid infill sections, addressing a large gap in the literature. Information published in this paper will guide engineers when designing fused deposition modeling (FDM) ABS parts with infill regions. Design/methodology/approach Uniaxial tensile tests and three-point bend tests were performed on 12 different build configurations of 20 samples. FDM with ABS was used as the manufacturing method for the samples. Failure strength and elastic modulus were normalized on print time and specimen mass to quantify variance between configurations. Optimal infill configurations were selected and used in two automotive case study examples. Findings Results obtained from the uniaxial tensile tests and three-point bend tests distinctly showed that component strength is highly influenced by the infill choice selected. Normalized results indicate that solid, double dense and triangular infill, all with eight contour layers, are optimal configurations for component regions experiencing high stress, moderate stress and low stress, respectively. Implementation of the optimal infill configurations in automotive examples yielded equivalent failure strength without normalization and significantly improved failure strength on a print time and mass normalized index. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to experimentally determine and quantify optimal infill configurations for FDM ABS printed parts. Published data in this paper are also of value to engineers requiring quantitative material properties for common infill configurations.

Hispidulin is a natural bioactive flavonoid that has been studied for its potential therapeutic properties, including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore whether hispidulin could inhibit the endothelial inflammation triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The adhesion of monocytes to the vascular endothelium was evaluated through in vitro and ex vivo monocyte adhesion assays. We analyzed the migration of monocytes across the endothelial layer using a transmigration assay. The results showed that treatment with hispidulin decreased the P. gingivalis LPS-induced adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and their migration by suppressing the P. gingivalis LPS-triggered expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through downregulating nuclear factor-қB (NF-қB). In addition, hispidulin inhibited P. gingivalis LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT in endothelial cells. Altogether, the results indicate that hispidulin suppresses the vascular inflammation induced by P. gingivalis LPS. Mechanistically, it prevents the adhesion of monocytes to the vascular endothelium and migration and inhibits NF-қB, MAPKs, and AKT signaling in endothelial cells.

Rhombomeres serve to position neural progenitors in the embryonic hindbrain, thereby ensuring appropriate neural circuit formation, but the molecular identities of individual rhombomeres and the mechanism whereby they form has not been fully established. Here, we apply scMultiome analysis in zebrafish to molecularly resolve all rhombomeres for the first time. We find that rhombomeres become molecularly distinct between 10hpf (end of gastrulation) and 13hpf (early segmentation). While the embryonic hindbrain transiently contains alternating odd- versus even-type rhombomeres, our scMultiome analyses do not detect extensive odd versus even molecular characteristics in the early hindbrain. Instead, we find that each rhombomere displays a unique gene expression and chromatin profile. Prior to the appearance of distinct rhombomeres, we detect three hindbrain progenitor clusters (PHPDs) that correlate with the earliest visually observed segments in the hindbrain primordium that represent prospective rhombomere r2/r3 (possibly including r1), r4, and r5/r6, respectively. We further find that the PHPDs form in response to Fgf and RA morphogens and that individual PHPD cells co-express markers of multiple mature rhombomeres. We propose that the PHPDs contain mixed-identity progenitors and that their subdivision into individual rhombomeres requires the resolution of mixed transcription and chromatin states.

Clear aligners have transformed orthodontic treatment; however, they exhibit limited effectiveness in closing extraction spaces due to cumulative movement errors and excessive tipping. This proof-of-concept study introduces an innovative multi-step finite element method (FEM) for simulating sequential clear aligner applications in extraction space closure. A compensation protocol, incorporating an adaptive iterative FEM, was compared with a conventional protocol, and movement precision and unintended tipping were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the compensation protocol significantly reduced tipping (≤ 1°) compared to the conventional approach (> 6°) and minimized the mismatch between crown and root movements. Additionally, the compensation protocol consistently maintained a high achievement rate, preventing the progressive loss of movement efficiency typically observed with conventional protocols. It also provided a more controlled vertical displacement, thereby reducing unwanted extrusion. Furthermore, synchronized crown-root movement contributed to more stable bodily movement, ensuring that teeth followed the intended trajectory more accurately. These findings highlight the potential of the compensation protocol in improving treatment predictability and accuracy in extraction cases. This approach enables systematic adjustment of aligner design based on actual tooth movement, offering an optimized strategy for clear aligner biomechanics and potentially enhancing clinical outcomes in orthodontic treatment.

Patients with cancer should appropriately receive antiemetic therapies against chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Antiemetic guidelines play an important role in managing CINV. Accordingly, the first Japanese antiemetic guideline published in 2010 by the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO) has considerably aided Japanese medical staff in providing antiemetic therapies across chemotherapy clinics. With the yearly advancements in antiemetic therapies, the Japanese antiemetic guidelines require revisions according to published evidence regarding antiemetic management worldwide. A revised version of the first antiemetic guideline that considered several upcoming evidences had been published online in 2014 (version 1.2), in which several updated descriptions were included. The 2015 JSCO clinical practice guideline for antiemesis (version 2.0) (in Japanese) has addressed clinical antiemetic concerns and includes four major revisions regarding (1) changes in emetogenic risk categorization for anti-cancer agents, (2) olanzapine usage as an antiemetic drug, (3) the steroid-sparing method, and (4) adverse drug reactions of antiemetic agents. We herein present an English update summary for the 2015 JSCO clinical practice guideline for antiemesis (version 2.0).