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The Appalachian Trail : celebrating America's hiking trail
\"In celebration of the Appalachian Trail's 75th anniversary, this official book-- published in association with the Appalachian Trail Conservancy-- documents the history, beauty, and significance of America's most iconic trail\"--Jacket flap.
Book
Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem
Previous studies have shown that self-esteem is an important predictor of subjective well-being. However, the majority of research has focused on self-esteem at the individual and the collective level, but has mostly ignored self-esteem at the relational level. According to social identity theory, individuals can maintain and enhance self-esteem through personal traits (personal self-esteem, PSE), relationships with significant others (relational self-esteem, RSE), and relationships with larger groups (collective self-esteem, CSE). The current research investigated whether RSE and CSE can predict subjective well-being beyond PSE among Chinese college students. With four cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study (N = 847), we found that, when controlling for PSE, RSE was associated with greater life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, happiness, and subjective vitality (Studies 1-5), but CSE was not (Studies 2-5). Implications are discussed.
Journal Article
إخناتون : الفرعون المارق بين الأتونية والموسوية
إخناتون كشخص تاريخي مختلف بصورة ملموسة عن الصورة التي خلقها لنا كتاب العوام، فلم يكن إنساني النزعة وبكل تأكيد لم يكن ليشبه ذلك الرومانسي الإنسانوي العطوف. كانت تعوزه القدرة في الحكم على الأشخاص وكان فريسة لتملق المتملقين، وافتقر إلى الحزم واتسمت سياسته باللين، ولما كانت تعوزه المواهب الإدارية ترك إدارة شؤون الحكم اليومية في أيدي العسكريين كي يتابع برنامجه في الإصلاح الديني، ومع ذلك لم يكن مثقفا ذا وزن ثقيل، فقد عجز عن فهم الدور الفعلي والمحتمل للأسطورة الدينية). ويتساءل : (ما الذي جاء به إخناتون ؟ ) ويجيب : (لا شيء ! وإذا كانت مجموعة الأساطير الوسيلة الوحيدة للوحي المقدس، بصرف النظر عن رؤية الصوفي فإن ما نافح عنه (إخناتون) ليس إلا إلحادا بالمعني الدقيق للكلمة).
BOOK
Strain variation in feeding response of house flies, Musca domestica, to denatonium benzoate, a bittering agent used in commercial fly baits
Granular fly baits remain one of the most popular and effective forms of chemical control of house flies ( Musca domestica ). While these baits contain a sucrose phagostimulant, some also contain the bittering agent denatonium benzoate at 20 or 100 ppm, as a feeding deterrent for humans. The response of adult house flies to 10, 100 and, 1000 ppm denatonium benzoate in sucrose solution was compared to response to sucrose only solution using proboscis extension response and no-choice consumption assays. Three house fly strains, DBQB, WD, and UF, each from a different Florida dairy farm, were tested within two generations of collection. Strain DBQB, but not strains WD or UF, had a known history of exposure to toxic baits containing denatonium benzoate, although recent insecticide history was unknown. For males, all strains avoided proboscis extension response and consumption with 1000 ppm, but not with 10 ppm. Males of WD and UF strains, but not DBQB strain showed significantly lower frequency of proboscis extension response at 100 ppm. Males of WD strain, but not DBQB or UF strains, also avoided consuming 100 ppm. For females, the pattern of significance for proboscis extension response was the same for all strains: avoidance for 1000 ppm but not for 10 or 100 ppm. Female consumption was significantly reduced at 1000 ppm for the DBQB and WD strains, but not for the UF strain, but no strain avoided 10 or 100 ppm for consumption. Thus, our results suggest that in some populations of house flies, 100 ppm of denatonium benzoate may reduce consumption by males, although not consumption by females.
Journal Article
Primate protein-ligand interfaces exhibit significant conservation and unveil human-specific evolutionary drivers
Despite the vast phenotypic differences observed across primates, their protein products are largely similar to each other at the sequence level. We hypothesized that, since proteins accomplish all their functions via interactions with other molecules, alterations in the sites that participate in these interactions may be of critical importance. To uncover the extent to which these sites evolve across primates, we built a structurally-derived dataset of ~4,200 one-to-one orthologous sequence groups across 18 primate species, consisting of ~68,000 ligand-binding sites that interact with DNA, RNA, small molecules, ions, or peptides. Using this dataset, we identify functionally important patterns of conservation and variation within the amino acid residues that facilitate protein-ligand interactions across the primate phylogeny. We uncover that interaction sites are significantly more conserved than other sites, and that sites binding DNA and RNA further exhibit the lowest levels of variation. We also show that the subset of ligand-binding sites that do vary are enriched in components of gene regulatory pathways and uncover several instances of human-specific ligand-binding site changes within transcription factors. Altogether, our results suggest that ligand-binding sites have experienced selective pressure in primates and propose that variation in these sites may have an outsized effect on phenotypic variation in primates through pleiotropic effects on gene regulation.
Journal Article
Higher fidelity simulations of nonlinear Breit–Wheeler pair creation in intense laser pulses
When a photon collides with a laser pulse, an electron-positron pair can be produced via the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler process. A simulation framework has been developed to calculate this process, which is based on a ponderomotive approach that includes strong-field quantum electrodynamical effects via the locally monochromatic approximation (LMA). Here we compare simulation predictions for a variety of observables, in different physical regimes, with numerical evaluation of exact analytical results from theory. For the case of a focussed laser background, we also compare simulation with a high-energy theory approximation. These comparisons are used to quantify the accuracy of the simulation approach in calculating harmonic structure, which appears in the lightfront momentum and angular spectra of outgoing particles, and the transition from multi-photon to all-order pair creation. Calculation of the total yield of pairs over a range of intensity parameters is also used to assess the accuracy of the locally constant field approximation (LCFA).
Journal Article
From local to nonlocal: higher fidelity simulations of photon emission in intense laser pulses
State-of-the-art numerical simulations of quantum electrodynamical (QED) processes in strong laser fields rely on a semiclassical combination of classical equations of motion and QED rates, which are calculated in the locally constant field approximation. However, the latter approximation is unreliable if the amplitude of the fields, a 0 , is comparable to unity. Furthermore, it cannot, by definition, capture interference effects that give rise to harmonic structure. Here we present an alternative numerical approach, which resolves these two issues by combining cycle-averaged equations of motion and QED rates calculated in the locally monochromatic approximation. We demonstrate that it significantly improves the accuracy of simulations of photon emission across the full range of photon energies and laser intensities, in plane-wave, chirped and focused background fields.
Journal Article
Quantification of habitat fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals
Although habitat fragmentation is often assumed to be a primary driver of extinction, global patterns of fragmentation and its relationship to extinction risk have not been consistently quantified for any major animal taxon. We developed high-resolution habitat fragmentation models and used phylogenetic comparative methods to quantify the effects of habitat fragmentation on the world’s terrestrial mammals, including 4,018 species across 26 taxonomic Orders. Results demonstrate that species with more fragmentation are at greater risk of extinction, even after accounting for the effects of key macroecological predictors, such as body size and geographic range size. Species with higher fragmentation had smaller ranges and a lower proportion of high-suitability habitat within their range, andmost high-suitability habitat occurred outside of protected areas, further elevating extinction risk. Our models provide a quantitative evaluation of extinction risk assessments for species, allow for identification of emerging threats in species not classified as threatened, and provide maps of global hotspots of fragmentation for the world’s terrestrial mammals. Quantification of habitat fragmentation will help guide threat assessment and strategic priorities for global mammal conservation.
Journal Article