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AimThis study compared dynamic thiol–disulfide homeostasis (an oxidative stress marker), anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, and proinflammatory interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in drug-resistant epilepsy patients with those in patients with well-controlled epilepsy and healthy controls.MethodThis prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 89 people: 27 with drug-resistant epilepsy, 30 with well-controlled epilepsy, and 32 healthy controls matched in demographic characteristics.ResultsThe mean serum IL-10 levels were significantly lower and the mean serum IFN-γ levels significantly higher in the drug-resistant epilepsy patients compared to the well-controlled epilepsy and healthy control groups. The mean serum native thiol (SH) and total thiol (TT) levels were significantly lower, and the disulfide (SS) levels were significantly higher in the drug-resistant group than in the other two groups.ConclusionsThe significant differences in thiol–disulfide homeostasis and IL-10 and IFN-γ levels in the drug-resistant epilepsy group suggest that these markers indicate a poor prognosis in epilepsy.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic disease persisting for at least 6 months, characterized by excessive and continuous anxiety, which leads to evident problems and functional disorders. S100B is a glial protein that plays a role in intercellular communication regulating cell growth and differentiation, and intracellular signal transmission. This study aimed to analyze the serum S100B, 8-OHdG, and oxidative stress levels of patients newly diagnosed with GAD who had not started treatment, to better understand the underlying neurobiological basis of the etiology of GAD. Forty-four patients diagnosed with GAD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and 44 healthy controls were included in the study. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to determine the anxiety levels of the GAD patients. The serum S100B, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were measured in the patient and control groups. The 8-OHdG values of the GAD group were determined to be statistically significantly higher than those of the control group ( =0.028). No significant difference was determined between the GAD patients and the control group in respect of the TAS, TOS, and oxidative stress index (OSI) values ( >0.05). The S100B levels of the GAD group were found to be higher than those of the control group. The results of this study showed that there could be DNA damage because of oxidative stress in GAD patients. There is a need for further studies to confirm the role of S100B protein in GAD etiology and pathogenesis.

Although genetic factors occupy an important place in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), oxidative stress and exposure to environmental toxicants have also been linked to the condition. The aim of this study was to examine dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in children diagnosed with ASD. Forty-eight children aged 3–12 years diagnosed with ASD and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy children were included in the study. A sociodemographic data form was completed for all the cases, and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was applied to the patients. Thiol/disulfide parameters in serum were measured in all cases and compared between the two groups. Mean native thiol, total thiol concentrations (μmol/L), and median reduced thiol ratios were significantly lower in the ASD group than in the control group (p = 0.001 for all). Median disulfide concentrations (μmol/L), redox potential, and median oxidized thiol ratios were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). ROC analysis revealed that area under the curve (AUC) values with “excellent discriminatory potential,” for native thiol, total thiol, the reduced thiol ration, the oxidized thiol ratio, and redox potential and with “acceptable discriminatory potential” for disulfide were significantly capable of differentiating individuals with ASD from healthy individuals. No correlation was determined between the severity of autism and laboratory parameters. Impaired dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis was observed in children with ASD, suggesting that dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in serum may be of diagnostic value in autism.

Objective: The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate serum heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2) levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to reveal their association with the severity of ADHD. Methods: The patient group consisted of 41 children aged 6–12 years, first diagnosed with ADHD and the control group consisted of 34 age- and gender- matched children. ADHD was diagnosed by child psychiatrists during clinical interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The parents of the children in the ADHD group were also given the Turgay DSM-IV-based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child and Adolescent Rating and Screening Scale (T-DSM-IV-S). Serum HO-1, KEAP1, and NRF2 levels were determined in the biochemistry laboratory using the ELISA technique. Results: HO-1 levels in the patient group were significantly lower than in the control group, while KEAP1 levels were significantly higher, but no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of NRF2 (p=0.041, p<0.001, p=0.290, respectively). Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed no significant relation between inattention scores and HO-1, KEAP1 or NRF2, (r=-0.197, p=0.224; r=0.005, p=0.976; r=0.274, p=0.088, respectively). Discussion: Low HO-1 and high KEAP1 levels in the patient group suggest that oxidative stress increased in this group, but that HO-1 levels were unable to balance this.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with unknown etiopathogenesis. To examine the thiol/disulfide balance in psoriasis patients and to compare the results with a healthy control group. Eighty patients with psoriasis and 80 healthy individuals who were age- and gender-matched with these patients were included in this study. Serum native thiol, disulfide and total thiol levels were measured by a new automated method developed by Erel and Neselioglu. Disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol were calculated. While there was no statistically significant difference in terms of disulphide levels (SS) between the patient and control groups ( > 0.05), there were significant differences in terms of total thiol and native thiol (SH) levels, SS/SH, SS/total thiol and SH/total thiol ratios between the patient and control groups ( < 0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship between duration of the disease and the disulfide/native thiol ratio ( > 0.05). In recent years, there have been few studies on the role of oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, we investigated in psoriasis patients, thiol/disulfide balance as a new oxidative stress marker. The results were compared with a healthy control group. Our results showed that thiol/disulphide balance shifted towards disulphide in psoriasis patients. This is important as a finding that supports the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, that starts in early childhood and presents with deficiencies in social-communicational domains along with restricted and repetitive behaviours/interests. While genetic factors are dominant in its pathogenesis, many factors, including neurological, environmental and immunological have been identified. Furtheremore, although cerebellar dysfunction in the etiology of autism has been shown in different studies, the possible causes of the dysfunction and the role of neuroinflammation among these causes have not been clarified yet. Anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri and anti-Amphiphysin antibodies have been found to be associated with cerebellar degeneration. The aim of the present study was to compare anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri and anti- Amphiphysin antibodies and 8-OHdG values in blood using the ELISA method between ASD patients and healthy children to demonstrate the role of neuroinflammation as a potential cause of cerebellar dysfunction and DNA damage and evaluate the relationship between Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores in children diagnosed with ASD and these parameters. Methods: Thirty-five consecutive children between the ages of 3 and 12 referred to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of Harran University Hospital and diagnosed with ASD according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were included in the study. The children did not have any chronic physical disorders and were treatment naive. Thirty-three healthy children between the ages of 3 and 12 without any physical or psychiatric disorders were included as the healthy control group. For psychiatric evaluation, a sociodemographic form and to measure the severity of autism, CARS was used. In the study, anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri and anti-Amphiphysin antibodies and 8-OHdG values in blood were investigated using the ELISA method. Results: Thirty-five cases with autism (62.9% males) and thirty-three healthy controls (72.7% males) were included in the present study (p = 0.385). The median age was 6.0 in the ASD group and 7.0 in the control group (p = 0.146). Among ASD patients, anti-Ri antibody positivity was detected, while no anti-Ri antibody positivity was found in the control group (p = 0.002). In the ASD group, the anti-Hu and 8-OHdG values were found to be significantly higher than those of the controls (p < 0.001, p = 0.001); no significant difference was found between the ASD and control groups with regard to the anti-Yo and anti-Amphiphysin values (p = 0.113, p = 0.275). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that antibodies against cerebellum may be present among children with ASD and DNA damage may occur due to oxidative stress.

Psoriasis is a common, inflammatory skin disease of which etiopathogenesis is still not explained clearly, however in which trace elements and oxidative stress are considered to play a role. To evaluate the serum trace element and oxidative stress levels in patients diagnosed with psoriasis. A total of 87 psoriasis patients and 60 healthy subjects were included in the study. Serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) levels, oxidative stress parameters, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ferroxidase (FOX) activity and an inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP), were examined in all participants. IMA, IMA/Albumin (IMA/Alb), CAT, Cu, FOX and CRP levels were found to be significantly higher; Se, Zn and albumin levels were significantly lower in the patient group as compared to the control group. No significant difference was found between groups with regard to Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe and MPO levels. Some trace element levels and oxidant-antioxidant balance were changed in psoriasis patients.

The purpose of our study was to investigate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) levels in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to reveal their association with the severity of autism. This study measured serum HO-1, KEAP1, and NRF2 levels in 43 patients with ASD (aged 3-12 years) and in 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. ASD severity was rated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). HO-1, KEAP1, and NRF2 levels were determined in the biochemistry laboratory using the ELISA technique. HO-1 levels were significantly lower in patients aged 3-12 years compared to controls aged 3-12, while KEAP1 and NRF2 levels were significantly higher ( =0.020, <0.001, and =0.017, respectively). No correlation was determined between ASD severity on the basis of total CARS scores and HO-1, KEAP1 or NRF2 ( >0.05). This study suggests that oxidative stress is higher in children with ASD and that HO-1 levels are insufficient to achieve oxidative balance.

Background ABO blood groups have been suggested to have a high correlation with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It has also been postulated that platelet indices, including mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW), are very important in the development and progression of CVDs. However, despite these common associations with CVDs, as far as we know, there are no studies investigating platelet indices in ABO blood groups. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether platelet indices are associated with ABO blood groups. Methods The study included 301 healthy volunteers (99 women and 202 men; mean age: 32.59 ± 7.52 years) whose blood groups were determined by the gel column method using agglutination techniques. Platelet indices were studied by an automated blood counter. Results No considerable differences in age, gender, or Rh factors were observed among ABO blood groups. MPV was detected to be considerably lower in O and A blood group subjects than in AB and B blood group subjects. Similarly, PDW was significantly lower in O and A blood group subjects than in B blood group subjects. Additionally, MPV in the O blood group subjects was significantly lower than in the non‐O blood group subjects. Conclusions Because MPV and PDW are used as markers of CVDs, individuals with O and A blood groups in this study may be considered to have a lower risk of CVDs than AB and B blood group subjects. However, prospective cohort studies involving a greater number of volunteers are needed to elucidate these relationships.

Serologic tests for brucellosis aim to detect antibodies produced against membranous lipopolysaccharide of bacteria. Diagnostic use of this method is limited due to false positiveness. This study evaluates an alternative antigen to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), outer membrane 28-precursor-protein, of Brucella melitensis Rev1 for its diagnostic value. Omp28 precursor of B. melitensis Rev1 was cloned, expressed, and purified. 6-His and sumo epitope tags were used to tag the protein at N-termini. Omp28 gene was amplified based on the ORF sequence and cloned into a pETSUMO vector. The recombinant construct was propagated in Escherichia coli One Shot® Mach1™ cells then transformed into E. coli BL21(D3) cells for protein expression. The purified protein was studied in an indirect ELISA for diagnosis of brucellosis. Sera samples from 60 patients were screened by ELISA and the results were compared to Rose Bengal plate test. Recombinant antigen-based iELISA has given a successful outcome with the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 87.8%, 96.2%, 96.6%, and 78.78%, respectively. In conclusion, recombinant production and purification of the immunodominant Omp28 precursor protein has been achieved successfully in a one-step process with efficient yield and can be used for diagnosis of brucellosis in humans.