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"Kitchen, Jeffrey"
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A very Chinese cookbook : 100 recipes from China & not China (but still really Chinese)
\"James Beard Award winner Kevin Pang and his dad Jeffrey, hosts of the hit America's Test Kitchen series Hunger Pangs, show you the way to delicious Chinese cooking in this accessible, funny, heartfelt cookbook. From American Chinese classics (General Tso's Chicken) to Sichuan street foods (Dan Dan Mian) and Hong Kong dim sum favorites (Shu Mai), A Very Chinese Cookbook is ideal for both the Chinese food-curious and experienced cooks seeking a weekend soup dumpling project. Chock full of tips, techniques, stories, and friendly ingredient guides, with over 100 of ATK's trademark rigorous recipes--and even a magic trick with fortune cookies--the cookbook in your hands is very practical, very personal, and very Chinese indeed\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Trace metal contamination and bioaccessibility in two Ulster County Urban Community Gardens, New York State (USA)
Purpose
In this short communication, soil trace element mobility factors are compared to the bioconcentration factor (BCF; plant tissue to soil total concentration) and evaluated for their effectiveness in estimating contamination pathways between soil and cultivated vegetables. These mobility factors are bioaccessibility (BAF, the ratio of exchangeable to total soil trace metal concentrations) and translocation (TF, the ratio of leaf to root trace metal total concentrations).
Methods
Kale was grown in two urban gardens in Ulster County, New York. Soil pH tests were carried out alongside analyses by ICP-OES on soil samples for total and exchangeable trace element concentrations and on kale roots and leaves for total metal concentrations (29 paired soil-kale samples), namely Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Sr, and Zn.
Results
Total soil Cd, Pb, and Zn were above permissible levels in weakly alkaline soil, and kale was contaminated with Ba, Cu, and Sr. It was found that BAF explains kale contamination by Ba, Cu, Sr, and Zn more than the other indicators.
Conclusions
The exchangeable fraction should be included in assessing trace metal contamination. This comparison of mobility indicators is a novel way of examining contamination problems in urban food production and improves the understanding of how evaluating soil dynamics helps identify ways to develop health-protective ecologically sustainable practices in cities.
Journal Article
Incomplete Peripheral CD4+ Cell Count Restoration in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-Term Antiretroviral Treatment
Background.Although antiretroviral therapy has the ability to fully restore a normal CD4+ cell count (>500 cells/mm3) in most patients, it is not yet clear whether all patients can achieve normalization of their CD4+ cell count, in part because no study has followed up patients for >7 years. Methods.Three hundred sixty-six patients from 5 clinical cohorts who maintained a plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA level <1000 copies/mL for at least 4 years after initiation of antiretroviral therapy were included. Changes in CD4+ cell count were evaluated using mixed-effects modeling, spline-smoothing regression, and Kaplan-Meier techniques. Results.The majority (83%) of the patients were men. The median CD4+ cell count at the time of therapy initiation was 201 cells/mm3 (interquartile range, 72–344 cells/mm3), and the median age was 47 years. The median follow-up period was 7.5 years (interquartile range, 5.5–9.7 years). CD4+ cell counts continued to increase throughout the follow-up period, albeit slowly after year 4. Although almost all patients (95%) who started therapy with a CD4+ cell count ⩾300 cells/mm3 were able to attain a CD4+ cell count ⩾500 cells/mm3, 44% of patients who started therapy with a CD4+ cell count <100 cells/mm3 and 25% of patients who started therapy with a CD4+ cell count of 100–200 cells/mm3 were unable to achieve a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm3 over a mean duration of follow-up of 7.5 years; many did not reach this threshold by year 10. Twenty-four percent of individuals with a CD4+ cell count <500 cells/mm3 at year 4 had evidence of a CD4+ cell count plateau after year 4. The frequency of detectable viremia (“blips”) after year 4 was not associated with the magnitude of the CD4+ cell count change. Conclusions.A substantial proportion of patients who delay therapy until their CD4+ cell count decreases to <200 cells/mm3 do not achieve a normal CD4+ cell count, even after a decade of otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy. Although the majority of patients have evidence of slow increases in their CD4+ cell count over time, many do not. These individuals may have an elevated risk of non–AIDS-related morbidity and mortality.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of a fourth dose of covid-19 mRNA vaccine against the omicron variant among long term care residents in Ontario, Canada: test negative design study
AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the marginal effectiveness of a fourth versus third dose and the vaccine effectiveness of mRNA covid-19 vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 against any infection, symptomatic infection, and severe outcomes (hospital admission or death) related to the omicron variant.DesignTest negative design.SettingLong term care facilities in Ontario, Canada, 30 December 2021 to 27 April 2022.ParticipantsAfter exclusions, 61 344 residents aged 60 years or older across 626 long term care facilities in Ontario, Canada who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 were included.Main outcome measuresLaboratory confirmed omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection (any and symptomatic) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and hospital admission or death. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate marginal effectiveness (four versus three doses) and vaccine effectiveness (two, three, or four doses versus no doses) while adjusting for personal characteristics, comorbidities, week of test, and previous positive SARS-CoV-2 test result more than 90 days previously.Results13 654 residents who tested positive for omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection and 205 862 test negative controls were included. The marginal effectiveness of a fourth dose (95% of vaccine recipients received mRNA-1273 as the fourth dose) seven days or more after vaccination versus a third dose received 84 or more days previously was 19% (95% confidence interval 12% to 26%) against infection, 31% (20% to 41%) against symptomatic infection, and 40% (24% to 52%) against severe outcomes. Vaccine effectiveness in vaccine recipients (compared with unvaccinated) increased with each additional dose, and for a fourth dose was 49% (95% confidence interval 43% to 54%) against infection, 69% (61% to 76%) against symptomatic infection, and 86% (81% to 90%) against severe outcomes.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that compared with a third dose of mRNA covid-19 vaccine, a fourth dose improved protection against infection, symptomatic infection, and severe outcomes among long term care residents during an omicron dominant period. A fourth vaccine dose was associated with strong protection against severe outcomes in vaccinated residents compared with unvaccinated residents, although the duration of protection remains unknown.
Journal Article
Rapamycin enhances CAR-T control of HIV replication and reservoir elimination in vivo
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise for various diseases. Our studies in humanized mice and nonhuman primates demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) modified with anti-HIV CAR achieve lifelong engraftment, providing functional antiviral CAR-T cells that reduce viral rebound after antiretroviral therapy (ART) withdrawal. However, T cell exhaustion due to chronic immune activation remains a key obstacle to sustained CAR-T efficacy, necessitating additional measures to achieve functional cure. We recently showed that low-dose rapamycin treatment reduced inflammation and improved anti-HIV T cell function in HIV-infected humanized mice. Here, we report that rapamycin improved CAR-T cell function both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro treatment with rapamycin enhanced CAR-T cell mitochondrial respiration and cytotoxicity. In vivo treatment with low-dose rapamycin in HIV-infected, CAR-HSC mice decreased chronic inflammation, prevented exhaustion of CAR-T cells, and improved CAR-T control of viral replication. RNA-sequencing analysis of CAR-T cells from humanized mice showed that rapamycin downregulated multiple checkpoint inhibitors and upregulated key survival genes. Mice treated with CAR-HSCs and rapamycin had delayed viral rebound after ART and reduced HIV reservoir compared with those treated with CAR-HSCs alone. These findings suggest that HSC-based anti-HIV CAR-T cells combined with rapamycin treatment are a promising approach for treating persistent inflammation and improving immune control of HIV replication.
Journal Article
Effects of a pressurized water treatment on internal gelation sol–gel microspheres
Based on previous observations that a pressurized water treatment (PWT) prevented cracking of sol–gel microspheres, we investigated the effects of a PWT on microsphere crystallinity, density, and specific surface area (SSA). Results were used to determine how a PWT alters the properties of microspheres upon drying and heating. Microspheres with diameters near 100–200 µm were prepared with and without a PWT and measured using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption (BET), and pycnometry. Properties of air-dried microspheres processed with and without a PWT are compared. In addition, the properties of microspheres processed using a PWT are reported after heating to 150, 450, 750, 1050, and 1350 °C. XRD measurements indicate that the PWT step improves the crystallinity of air-dried microspheres. XRD data were also used to calculate crystallite size, which increases with higher heat-treatment temperatures. TEM images support crystallite size calculations from XRD data and provide an indication of the range of crystallite sizes, particularly for samples processed at higher temperatures where crystallite sizes are too large for estimation using the Scherrer formula. Density and SSA measurements performed as a function of heat-treatment temperature indicate that a PWT increases the density of air-dried microspheres, creates a pore network, and that significant densification occurs between 450 and 750 °C. These results may be used to inform decisions on internal gelation flowsheet parameters to optimize the microsphere formation and gelation step, prevent microsphere cracking, and produce microspheres suitable for subsequent coating operations or pressing into pellets.
Highlights
A PWT prevents microsphere cracking by removing impurities prior to heating.
Volatile species evolve from microspheres during heating prior to pore closure.
A PWT causes crystallite growth and a pore network to form in sol–gel microspheres.
A PWT step enables a wider range of acceptable sol–gel feed solution parameters.
Microspheres prepared using a PWT have higher density and SSA.
Microspheres subjected to a PWT did not agglomerate during sintering.
Journal Article
Levels of Murine, but Not Human, CXCL13 Are Greatly Elevated in NOD-SCID Mice Bearing the AIDS-Associated Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Line, 2F7
Currently, few rodent models of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS-NHL) exist. In these studies, a novel mouse/human xenograft model of AIDS-associated Burkitt lymphoma (AIDS-BL) was created by injecting cells of the human AIDS-BL cell line, 2F7, intraperitoneally into NOD-SCID mice. Mice developed tumors in the peritoneal cavity, with metastases to the spleen, thymus, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Expression of the chemokine receptor, CXCR5, was greatly elevated in vivo on BL tumor cells in this model, as shown by flow cytometry. CXCL13 is the ligand for CXCR5, and serum and ascites levels of murine, but not human, CXCL13 showed a striking elevation in tumor-bearing mice, with levels as high as 200,000 pg/ml in ascites, as measured by ELISA. As shown by immunohistochemistry, murine CXCL13 was associated with macrophage-like tumor-infiltrating cells that appeared to be histiocytes. Blocking CXCR5 on 2F7 cells with neutralizing antibodies prior to injection into the mice substantially delayed tumor formation. The marked elevations in tumor cell CXCR5 expression and in murine CXCL13 levels seen in the model may potentially identify an important link between tumor-interacting histiocytes and tumor cells in AIDS-BL. These results also identify CXCL13 as a potential biomarker for this disease, which is consistent with previous studies showing that serum levels of CXCL13 were elevated in human subjects who developed AIDS-lymphoma. This mouse model may be useful for future studies on the interactions of the innate immune system and AIDS-BL tumor cells, as well as for the assessment of potential tumor biomarkers for this disease.
Journal Article