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Background: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a valuable technique for accurately and reliably profiling and quantifying gene expression. Typically, samples obtained from the organism of study have to be processed via several preparative steps before qPCR. Method: We estimated the errors of sample withdrawal and extraction, reverse transcription (RT), and qPCR that are introduced into measurements of mRNA concentrations. We performed hierarchically arranged experiments with 3 animals, 3 samples, 3 RT reactions, and 3 qPCRs and quantified the expression of several genes in solid tissue, blood, cell culture, and single cells. Results: A nested ANOVA design was used to model the experiments, and relative and absolute errors were calculated with this model for each processing level in the hierarchical design. We found that intersubject differences became easily confounded by sample heterogeneity for single cells and solid tissue. In cell cultures and blood, the noise from the RT and qPCR steps contributed substantially to the overall error because the sampling noise was less pronounced. Conclusions: We recommend the use of sample replicates preferentially to any other replicates when working with solid tissue, cell cultures, and single cells, and we recommend the use of RT replicates when working with blood. We show how an optimal sampling plan can be calculated for a limited budget. .

Thirty-five disabled people with a range of physical, sensory and mental impairments were interviewed about (1) their experiences of research; (2) their general opinions concerning research; (3) whether they thought research had served/was serving disabled people well; (4) how research on disability should be conducted; (5) who should conduct research on disability; and, finally, (6) what they would like to be researched. In this paper, the results of aspects two to five are reported. It was found that the opinions of disabled people mirror quite strongly the recent arguments forwarded by disabled academics concerning the need for emancipatory and empowering research strategies. In particular, the respondents articulated a need for inclusive, action-based research strategies, where disabled people are involved as consultants and partners not just as research subjects, There were few arguments, however, for an exclusive approach, where disability research would be conducted solely by researchers who were themselves disabled.

Maps are changing. They have become important and fashionable once more. Rethinking Maps brings together leading researchers to explore how maps are being rethought, made and used, and what these changes mean for working cartographers, applied mapping research, and cartographic scholarship. It offers a contemporary assessment of the diverse forms that mapping now takes and, drawing upon a number of theoretic perspectives and disciplines, provides an insightful commentary on new ontological and epistemological thinking with respect to cartography. This book presents a diverse set of approaches to a wide range of map forms and activities in what is presently a rapidly changing field. It employs a multi-disciplinary approach to important contemporary mapping practices, with chapters written by leading theorists who have an international reputation for innovative thinking. Much of the new research around mapping is emerging as critical dialogue between practice and theory and this book has chapters focused on intersections with play, race and cinema. Other chapters discuss cartographic representation, sustainable mapping and visual geographies. It also considers how alternative models of map creation and use such as open-source mappings and map mash-up are being creatively explored by programmers, artists and activists. There is also an examination of the work of various ‘everyday mappers’ in diverse social and cultural contexts. This blend of conceptual chapters and theoretically directed case studies provides an excellent resource suited to a broad spectrum of researchers, advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in human geography, GIScience and cartography, visual anthropology, media studies, graphic design and computer graphics. Rethinking Maps is a necessary and significant text for all those studying or having an interest in cartography. 1. Thinking about Maps 2. Rethinking Maps and Identity: Choropleths, Clines and Biopolitics 3. Rethinking Maps from a More-than-human Perspective: Nature-society, Mapping, and Conservation Territories 4. Web Mapping 2.0 5. Modelling the Earth: A Short History 6. Theirwork: The Development of Sustainable Mapping 7. Cartographic Representation and the Construction of Lived Worlds: Understanding Cartographic Practice as Embodied Knowledge 8. The 39 Steps and the Mental Map of Classical Cinema 9. The Emotional Life of Maps and Other Visual Geographies 10. Playing with Maps 11. Ce N’est Pas le Monde [This is Not the World] 12. Mapping Modes, Methods and Moments: A Manifesto for Map Studies Martin Dodge works at the University of Manchester as a Lecturer in Human Geography researching the geography of cyberspace. He is the curator of a web-based Atlas of Cyberspace (www.cybergeography.org/atlas) and has co-authored three books, Mapping Cyberspace, Atlas of Cyberspace and Geographic Visualization. Rob Kitchin is Director of the National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analysis and Professor of Human Geography at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. He has published twelve books and is the Managing Editor of Social and Cultural Geography and co-editor-in-chief of the International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography. Chris Perkins is Senior Lecturer in Geography and Map Curator in the University of Manchester. His research interests focus on the social contexts of mapping and he is the author and editor of 6 books, including World Mapping Today and the Companion Encyclopaedia of Geography.

Squirt Gun Warriors, with support from Joystick and Moonsugar, are playing at the Hartley/Vey Studio Theatre on Jan. 25 at 8 p.m. The band's debut album is also available for streaming and download on Bandcamp.

The series came from a grant the National Endowment for the Humanities created to showcase these films, said Paul Hrycaj, an instruction and reference librarian with the LSU libraries.

While other bands like Rain, a tribute to The Beatles, may take up residency in a theater on Broadway or a spot on the strip in Las Vegas, touring was something important to Zoso, like any other rock band.

[...]they've recorded two albums and played various concerts, including gigs at South By Southwest in Austin and Summerfest, the world's largest music festival.

[...]they've recorded two albums and played various concerts, including gigs at South By Southwest in Austin and Summerfest, the world's largest music festival.