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Keloid is a trauma-induced fibroproliferative condition characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and aberrant keloid fibroblast activation, leading to physical, psychological, functional, and cosmetic impairments. This study investigates DNA methylation alterations at Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1) and Alu repetitive elements in keloid tissues compared to normal skin tissues. Methylation levels and patterns were analyzed in keloid ( n  = 38) and normal skin tissues ( n  = 32). The results revealed significantly lower LINE-1 ( P  < 0.0001) and Alu ( P  = 0.0147) methylation levels in keloids, with hypomethylation inversely correlated with chronological age. Younger individuals exhibited higher methylation levels compared to older individuals. These findings offer critical insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying keloid formation and progression, providing a foundation for developing epigenetic-based therapeutic strategies.

There is a correlation between DNA methylation and the diseased stage and poor survival. 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is one of the epigenetic modifications of bases that researchers focus on. Staining with 5-mC immunohistochemistry was used to examine pathological samples taken from individuals diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. Between Breslow levels 2 and 4, there was a significant difference in the H-score of 5-mC expression (p = 0.046). A significant reduction in 5-mC expression H-scores was seen in patients who were diagnosed with ulcers (p = 0.039). It was shown that patients with low 5-mC had a significantly worse overall survival rate (p = 0.027).

Background Head and neck cancers, including oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), impact significant global health challenges. This study aimed to evaluate plasma cytokine profiles in patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC compared to healthy donors to explore potential diagnostic biomarkers. Methods Plasma samples from 18 healthy donors, 11 oral cancer patients, and 11 oropharyngeal cancer patients were analysed using LEGENDplex™ multiplex assays to quantify 49 cytokines and inflammatory proteins. Statistical analysis, including Mann-Whitney U test and ROC curve analysis, was performed to assess diagnostic utility. Results sFasL levels were significantly downregulated in cancer patients, whereas PECAM-1, FGF-basic, EPO, PDGF-AA, and PDGF-BB levels were upregulated. Combined analysis of PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB achieved a sensitivity of 98.38% and specificity of 73.87% for oral cancer diagnosis. PECAM-1 demonstrated 100% sensitivity for detecting oropharyngeal cancer. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that alterations in plasma levels of sFasL, PECAM-1, FGF-basic, EPO, PDGF-AA, and PDGF-BB suggest their potential as early diagnostic markers for oral and oropharyngeal SCC. Larger cohort studies are warranted to validate these findings and to develop screening strategies for head and neck cancers. Trial registration The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB 810/62, Bangkok, Thailand) and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of localized gingival enlargements (LGEs) and their clinical characteristics in a group of Thai patients, as well as utilize this information to develop a clinical diagnostic guide for predicting malignant LGEs. All LGE cases were retrospectively reviewed during a 20-year period. Clinical diagnoses, pathological diagnoses, patient demographic data, and clinical information were analyzed. The prevalence of LGEs was determined and categorized based on their nature, and concordance rates between clinical and pathological diagnoses among the groups were evaluated. Finally, a diagnostic guide was developed using clinical information through a decision tree model. Of 14,487 biopsied cases, 946 cases (6.53%) were identified as LGEs. The majority of LGEs were reactive lesions (72.62%), while a small subset was malignant tumors (7.51%). Diagnostic concordance rates were lower in malignant LGEs (54.93%) compared to non-malignant LGEs (80.69%). Size, consistency, color, duration, and patient age were identified as pivotal factors to formulate a clinical diagnostic guide for distinguishing between malignant and non-malignant LGEs. Using a decision tree model, we propose a novel diagnostic guide to assist clinicians in enhancing the accuracy of clinical differentiation between malignant and non-malignant LGEs.

Anal cancer is high in men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus (MSM-LWHIV). This cancer is strongly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Anal cancer screening using cytology and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) for diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia requires specialized expertise. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of abnormal anal cells are of interest. methylation at cg01009664 was detected using a pyrosequencing assay to compare methylation patterns among different anal lesions. Our results demonstrated that methylation was significantly hypermethylated in anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN3) (>20%) and AIN1-2 (>10%) but less methylated in normal (<10%) ( < 0.001). gene methylation showed higher sensitivity than the cytology for predicting AIN1+ (75.96% vs. 25.37%, respectively) and AIN2+ (78.95%% vs. 19.23%, respectively). There was no significant correlation between methylation and the percentage of CD4 in patients with HIV ( > 0.05). methylation in anal swabs reflects the presence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Methylation analysis showed higher sensitivity than cytology for high-grade lesions and was independent of immune status. These findings support its use as a screening tool to preselect patients for HRA, potentially reducing unnecessary procedures while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium that can infect humans and animals. We previously reported that Staphylococcus aureus as one of the most frequent Gram-positive bacteria found in the infection in juvenile green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) from the Sea Turtle Conservation Center of Thailand (STCCT), Sattahip, Chonburi Province. It was also the most detected Gram-positive bacteria in rearing seawater. In this study, we investigated the presence of S. aureus in coastal seawater used as supply water to rearing containers, rearing water, fish fillet used as feed, and juvenile green turtle carcasses at STCCT. From the results, S. aureus can be isolated from rearing water, fish fillet, and juvenile turtle carcasses but not from incoming coastal seawater. The determination of antibiotic resistance against 11 drugs demonstrated that more S. aureus from juvenile turtles were antibiotic resistant than the isolates from rearing water and fish fillet. Furthermore, a higher isolate number of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found in juvenile turtle carcasses. We also detected penicillin-susceptible MRSA and mecA -positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus from juvenile turtles and fish fillet, respectively. Differences in the antibiotic resistance profiles were observed in this study compared with our previous observation. A change in the antibiotic resistance properties possibly continued in S. aureus . This finding suggests that the status of animal health is at high risk and emphasizes the need for a surveillance plan and treatment strategies to confront this serious threat.

Tobacco smoking and reduced methylation of long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) are crucial in oral carcinogenesis. 5'UTR of human LINE-1 sequence contains several CpG dinucleotides which are methylated in various proportions (0-100%). Methylation levels of many LINE-1s in cancer were reduced, hypomethylated. The hypomethylation of each LINE-1 locus can promote instability of genome and repress expression of a gene located on that same chromosome. This study investigated if cigarette smoking influences LINE-1 methylation of oral mucosal cells. The methylation of human LINE-1 in clinically normal oral mucosa of current smokers was compared to non-smokers. By using the combined bisulphite restriction analysis, each LINE-1 sequence was categorised into 4 patterns depending on the methylation status and location of the two 18-bp successive CpG from 5' to 3' including (m)C(m)C, (u)C(u)C, (m)C(u)C and (u)C(m)C. Of these, (m)C and (u)C represent methylated and unmethylated CpG, respectively. The DNA bisulphite sequence demonstrated that most CpGs of (m)C(m)C and (u)C(u)C were methylated and unmethylated, respectively. Nevertheless, some CpGs of each (m)C(u)C or (u)C(m)C allele were methylated. Imaging of the digestion products was used to generate %methylation value. No significant difference in the overall LINE-1 methylation level but the differences in percentages of some methylation patterns were discovered. The %(m)C(m)C and %(u)C(u)C increased, while the %(m)C(u)C decreased in current smokers (p = 0.002, 0.015, and <0.0001, respectively). Additionally, the lower %(m)C(u)C still persisted in persons who had stopped smoking for over 1 year (p = 0.001). The %(m)C(u)C also decreased in the higher pack-year smokers (p = 0.028). Smoking possibly altered (m)C(u)C to (m)C(m)C and (u)C(u)C forms, and changes (u)C(m)C to (u)C(u)C forms. In conclusion, smoking changes methylation levels of partial methylated LINE-1s and increased the number of hypo- and hypermethylated loci. These hypomethylated LINE-1s may possess carcinogenesis potential. Moreover, LINE-1 methylation patterns may be useful for monitoring oral carcinogenesis in smokers.

Diagnosing encapsulated follicular-patterned thyroid tumors like Invasive Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (IEFVPTC), Non-invasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features (NIFTP), and Well-Differentiated Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (WDT-UMP) remains challenging due to their morphological and molecular similarities. This study aimed to investigate the protein distinctions among these three thyroid tumors and discover biological tumorigenesis through proteomic analysis. We employed total shotgun proteome analysis allowing to discover the quantitative expression of over 1398 proteins from 12 normal thyroid tissues, 13 IEFVPTC, 11 NIFTP, and 10 WDT-UMP. Principal component analysis revealed a distinct separation of IEFVPTC and normal tissue samples, distinguishing them from the low-risk tumor group (NIFTP and WDT-UMP). IEFVPTC exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) compared to the other tumors. No discriminatory proteins between NIFTP and WDT-UMP were identified. Moreover, DEPs in IEFVPTC were significantly associated with thyroid tumor progression pathways. Certain hub genes linked to the response of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, revealing the potential predictor of prognosis. In conclusion, the proteomic profile of IEFVPTC differs from that of low-risk tumors. These findings may provide valuable insights into tumor biology and offer a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies for follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms.

Alu and LINE-1 elements are retrotransposons with a ubiquitous presence in the human genome that can cause genomic instability, specifically relating to telomere length. Genotoxic agents may induce methylation of retrotransposons, in addition to oxidative DNA damage in the form of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Methylation of retrotransposons induced by these agents may contribute to biliary atresia (BA) etiology. Here, we investigated correlations between global methylation, 8-OHdG and relative telomere length, as well as reporting on Alu and LINE-1 hypomethylation in BA patients. Alu and LINE-1 hypomethylation were found to be associated with elevated risk of BA (OR = 4.07; 95% CI: 2.27–7.32; P  < 0.0001 and OR = 3.51; 95% CI: 1.87–6.59; P  < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, LINE-1 methylation was associated with liver stiffness in BA patients (β coefficient = −0.17; 95% CI: −0.24 to −0.10; P  < 0.0001). Stratified analysis revealed negative correlations between Alu and LINE-1 methylation and 8-OHdG in BA patients ( P  < 0.0001). In contrast, positive relationships were identified between Alu and LINE-1 methylation and relative telomere length in BA patients ( P  < 0.0001). These findings suggest that retrotransposon hypomethylation is associated with plasma 8-OHdG and telomere length in BA patients.

Background: Ameloblastoma (AM) is a benign tumor locally originated from odontogenic epithelium that is commonly found in the jaw. This tumor makes aggressive invasions and has a high recurrence rate. This study aimed to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), biological function alterations, disease targets, and existing drugs for AM using bioinformatics analysis. Methods: The data set of AM was retrieved from the GEO database (GSE132474) and identified the DEGs using bioinformatics analysis. The biological alteration analysis was applied to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and hub gene identification were screened through NetworkAnalyst. The transcription factor-protein network was constructed via OmicsNet. We also identified candidate compounds from L1000CDS2 database. The target of AM and candidate compounds were verified using docking simulation. Results: Totally, 611 DEGs were identified. The biological function enrichment analysis revealed glycosaminoglycan and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) signaling were most significantly up-regulated and down-regulated in AM, respectively. Subsequently, hub genes and transcription factors were screened via the network and showed FOS protein was found in both networks. Furthermore, we evaluated FOS protein to be a therapeutic target in AMs. Candidate compounds were screened and verified using docking simulation. Tanespimycin showed the greatest affinity binding value to bind FOS protein. Conclusions: This study presented the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, biological alteration, and important pathways of AMs and provided a candidate compound, Tanespimycin, targeting FOS protein for the treatment of AMs.