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Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are classified as smart materials whose viscoplastic characteristics change under the magnetic field. They are widely applied for dynamic energy dissipation due to their rapid thickening under the external magnetic field. In this work, the core–shell suspension of superparamagnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles was synthesized and dispersed in silicone oil. Much effort has been made to prepare suspension meeting requirements of MR fluid. The experimental squeezing flow response was studied using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) with various shear rates. Tests with modified SHPB show that MR fluid rapidly responds to the compression thickening and forming chain-like structures. MR fluid dissipates the energy generated during compression stress tests. This study presents a simple and cost-effective synthesis way suitable for MR fluid formation for its dynamic energy dissipation application.

BACKGROUND: The deltoid muscle originates from the spine of the scapula, the lateral border of the acromion, and the lateral third of the clavicle. It inserts on the deltoid tuberosity. It is divided into three parts: spinal, acromial, and clavicular. Our research shows that each part of the deltoid muscle can have up to three bellies during prenatal life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material included 80 upper limbs of spontaneously-aborted human foetuses (32 male, 48 female; Central European population), 18–38 weeks of gestation at the time of death. RESULTS: Each part had one (Type I), two (Type II) or three (Type III) bellies. In all parts, the most common form was Type I: it was present in 81.25% of cases in the clavicular part, 73.75% in the acromial part, and 57.5% in the spinal part. In contrast, Type III was the rarest form in all parts: it was present in 3.75% of cases in the clavicular part, 12.5% in the acromial part, and 7.5% in the spinal part. CONCLUSIONS: The deltoid muscle is characterised by morphological variability, even in foetuses.

IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 5%–10% of paediatric population and is reportedly more common in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), exacerbating its clinical course. Proper treatment of ADHD in such patients may thus provide neurological and metabolic benefits. To test this, we designed a non-commercial second phase clinical trial comparing the impact of different pharmacological interventions for ADHD in children with T1D.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre, randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical trial in children and adolescents with ADHD and T1D. The trial will be conducted in four reference paediatric diabetes centres in Poland. Over 36 months, eligible patients with both T1D and ADHD (aged 8–16.5 years, T1D duration >1 year) will be offered participation. Patients’ guardians will undergo online once-weekly training sessions behaviour management for 10 weeks. Afterward, children will be randomised to methylphenidate (long-release capsule, doses 18-36-54 mg) versus lisdexamphetamine (LDX, 30-50-70 mg). Pharmacotherapy will continue for 6 months before switching to alternative medication. Throughout the trial, the participants will be evaluated every 3 months by their diabetologist and online psychological assessments. The primary endpoint (ADHD symptom severity, Conners 3.0 questionnaire) will be assessed by a blinded investigator. Secondary endpoints will include HbA1c, continuous glucose monitoring indices and quality-of-life (PedsQL).Ethics and disseminationThe trial is approved by Bioethical Committee at Medical University of Lodz and Polish regulatory agency (RNN/142/22/KE, UR/DBL/D/263/2022). The results will be communicated to the research and clinical community, and Polish agencies responsible for healthcare policy. Patient organisations focused on paediatric T1D will be notified by a consortium member. We hope to use the trial’s results to promote collaboration between mental health professionals and diabetes teams, evaluate the economic feasibility of using LDX in patients with both diseases and the long run improve ADHD treatment in children with T1D.Trial registration numbersEU Clinical Trials Register (EU-CTR, 2022-001906-24) and NCT05957055.

Hormesis is defined as dose response phenomenon characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition (Calabrese & Mattson, 2017). To date, low doses of several stressors (intermittent fasting, caloric restriction or selected phytochemicals) have been shown to exert beneficial effects on health (Martin et al., 2006). In the present study, we aimed to determine hormetic factors in a series of diets used in mice. We found that animals fed high-sugar diet (HSD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing relatively high amounts of mono- and disaccharides become obese compared to animals fed standard diet (STAND) or ketogenic diet (KD) containing low doses of these compounds. Underlying the observed metabolic phenotype may be changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, showing u-shaped features in selected species. It is noteworthy that a short-term dietary regimen of several weeks resulted in difficulties in achieving effective scores on a complex cognitive test based on spatial procedural acquisition in the HSD and HFD groups. Our data identify dietary mono- and disaccharide content (commonly known as sugars) as a critical hormetic factor with beneficial/harmful effects at multiple levels of body function.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Footnotes* Accidentally, outdated versions of the figures were included. Figures 1, 4, and 5 have been revised, correcting the raw data and statistical analyses. The manuscript and figure descriptions are unchanged.