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The problem of estimating the deterministic susceptibility coefficient of electronic components to standardised types of electromagnetic disturbance has been presented in this paper. From a theoretical point of view, the problem of damage to electronic elements is presented with the impact of disturbances of critical values on them and the potential impact of this effect on the reliability of the element and ultimately the system or electronic device. For a selected exemplary electronic component, a method for estimating the susceptibility coefficient according to the developed methodology is discussed. Experimental tests were carried out by exposing the test component to a standardised surge of 1.2/50 μs which was observed in an electrical grid. In order to illustrate the developed method, aimed at describing the immunity of an electronic component to a standardised type of disturbance, a signal diode was selected for testing. Using this element as an example, it is shown how, using statistical techniques, the coefficient of its susceptibility to a specific type of disturbance can be estimated.

The comparison of the results obtained using two methods for measuring the radio disturbance emissions produced by compact lighting drivers in the frequency range of 30 to 300 MHz has been presented in this paper. Any electrical and electronic equipment used within the EU must comply with Directive 2014/30/EC and harmonised standards. For lighting equipment, the dedicated standard is EN-IEC 55015:2019-11E. In this standard, for tests in the frequency range of 30 to 300 MHz, two equivalent test methods are allowed for lighting drivers, i.e., the traditional method in which disturbance emissions are measured in a semianechoic chamber SAC and the alternative CDNE (Coupling Decoupling Network Emission) method. Each method is characterised by a different measurement technique. For this reason, this paper aims to compare the results obtained by the two methods and to find out whether the CDNE and SAC methods, despite the difference in measurement technique, can be considered equivalent. The theoretical part of this study presents the results of an analysis of the literature on the subject and the technical aspects of measuring disturbance emission using both measurement methods. The practical part describes the construction of measurement stands for selected LED lamps and presents the measurement results and their statistical analysis.

The results of practical considerations on the issue of conditioning and storing energy obtained from generally available electromagnetic field sources (e.g., commonly used telecommunication systems and RFID radio frequency identification systems) or other potential areas of energy harvesting have been presented in this paper. Due to the low efficiency of this type of alternative power source for electronic microsystems, it is necessary to properly process the obtained energy in order to achieve parameters suitable for powering subsequent elements of the powered system (supply voltage, internal resistance of the source, limitations resulting from the permissible parameters of the components used, etc.) and its effective storage. This paper analyses the use of increasingly available and technologically advanced supercapacitors as the main energy storage device. These are electronic components that fill the gap between commonly known and widely used capacitors and more complex and expensive battery systems that require complicated systems to support the charging and discharging of such storage devices. However, they require consideration of their dynamic characteristics in terms of the charging and energy storage process. The properties of such components were investigated, the requirements and application limitations as a battery were determined, and the results of tests of selected supercapacitors were analysed. Based on the obtained data, several concepts for energy conditioning systems were presented, enabling the practical use of the advantages of supercapacitors as the main energy storage device, for example, an electromagnetic field energy harvester system from an RFID system.

The method for estimating the immunity of an AC/DC converter built in a commercial LED lamp to a 1.2/50 µs (8/20 µs) surge has been presented in this paper. A lamp with a direct drive LED inverter was selected to present the methodology for determining the coefficient of immunity of the test object to a standardized type of surge. The choice of this configuration was important for the testing process and presentation of the methodology to estimate the immunity coefficient of the tested system. In this work, the methodology for determining the deterministic immunity factor of the model inverter to a normalized type of disturbance was presented. Considerations were carried out for a 1.2/50 µs (8/20 µs) surge in accordance with the recommendations of the EN 61000-4-5:2014 standard. This conventional surge is used in laboratory practice to test the immunity of electronic and electrical systems and devices to disturbances that can be generated in the power grid during switching processes, short circuits, and direct and indirect lightning. In the first stage of testing on test benches, the intensity of damage to the integral components of a model inverter was examined with increasing levels of disturbance. Statistical measures characterizing their impact resistance were determined for each of the elements tested. Knowing their values, the value of this coefficient was finally determined for the lamp selected for testing, and the mechanism of its damage was analyzed.

The results of measurements of the efficiency of energy harvesting from commonly available general-purpose telecommunications systems, divided into typical bands available under European conditions, have been presented in this paper. Specially designed harvesters were used, dedicated to powering autonomous semi-passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. For the assumed resistive loads, the achievable output voltage values of the harvesters were measured across a wide spectrum of electromagnetic field strengths, simulating real conditions. The performance and dynamics of the energy storage process with fixed parameters were studied at an intermediate stage, before the energy conditioning process. The harvesters were treated as typical energy sources with unknown but variable parameters, so their dynamic parameters and instantaneous energy supply were also analyzed. These activities will enable the final development of a power supply system with parameters acceptable for the planned applications and whose efficiency will be maximized under the given conditions. For this purpose, the energy harvesting systems were designed, a suitable laboratory stand was built, and the elaborated circuits were measured to determine the expected parameters of energy harvesting.

The results of our research devoted to efficiency measurements of energy harvesting from tele-transmission systems featuring examples of model autonomous semi-passive RFID identifiers have been presented in this paper. The selected harvester systems were tested in different systems and circuit configurations to determine of energy harvesting conditions. The appropriate laboratory stand was designed and constructed for investigations in accordance with real-world electromagnetic conditions. The obtained results made it possible to determine the dependence of harvester output voltage in selected applications (operation mode, localization related to the energy source) as well as the minimum power threshold required for identifier operations in the environment. The real energy balance was also established, which is highly useful for configuring identifier parameters and optimizing the operation mode to achieve the best energy harvesting from the electromagnetic environment.

The results of research on the influence of the 1.2/50 µs (8/20 µs) surge impulse on the reliability of commercial LED lamps are presented in the paper. For two types of lamps, differing in the declared warranty period, tests were carried out in which it was determined how the impulse of 1.2/50 µs (8/20 µs) is propagated in their supply systems. During the tests, the effects it causes on the critical levels and how its level influences the probability of failure of the tested lamp were examined. These solutions are currently being used in mass production of LED lamps and are characteristic of budget devices. Sensitivity tests were conducted for a group of 150 lamps divided evenly into 10 batches. The tests were carried out in accordance with the standards of EN 61000-4-5: 2014 and EN 61547: 2009 with one exception: the impulse level was not limited to the 0.5 kV recommended in EN 61547: 2009 for this class of components, but increased to a value that leads to permanent damage. These tests allowed us to determine the margin from the value specified in the standard to the sensitivity of the tested lamps on this type of disturbance.

This article deals with problems related to electromagnetic compatibility, which is a very important issue due to the fact of ensuring the proper coexistence of devices and systems in a given electromagnetic environment. The devices manufactured today can, on the one hand, be a source of electromagnetic disturbance emissions and, on the other hand, be susceptible to disturbance signals from the environment. A large group of receivers in which electronic specialised circuits are used are LED lamps. The operation of an RGB LED lamp due to higher harmonic current emissions has been analysed in this paper. Lamp tests were carried out in several stages. In each of them, the values of the generated higher harmonics were analysed and related to the parameters of the current flowing through the lamp. It was shown how the parameters of the current pulse affect the generated harmonics when the value of the luminous flux was changed, its colour was changed, or the built-in function was turned on. It is also shown how, for example, changing the value of an electronic component in the lamp’s power supply changes the parameters of the current and thus the value of the generated higher harmonics.

Purpose This paper aims to present the problems connected with integrity of electrical signals in microelectronic hybrid systems made on metal substrates. The systems made on ferritic and austenitic sheet substrates were selected for the analysis. Design/methodology/approach For experimental investigations for the identification of the per-unit-length parameters for the simplest planar structures realized in thick-film technology on metal substrates, three types of path test systems with different geometric parameters were made. For the test circuits’ realization, the metal substrates of ferritic stainless steel of H17 grade (1.4016) with a thickness of 1 mm were selected. The sizes of 110 × 60 mm were obtained by laser cutting which process was required to obtain sufficient flatness of the substrates. Measurements were conducted using special elaborated equipment. Findings For selected configurations of conductive paths, the results of calculations and measurements of the range of variability of residual parameters for the systems of mutually parallel paths were presented. For selected path systems, the results of signals integrity analysis in mutually parallel path systems have been included. Originality/value The influence of configuration of paths, their geometrical and physical parameters on the value of residual elements parameters was determined, and their role in propagation process of fast-changing signals in the mutually parallel path systems was analyzed. These effects are very important from the point of view of electromagnetic compatibility and signal integrity of electronic circuits.

The results of measurements of electromagnetic disturbances emitted by LED lamps, in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, which were made using two methods described in the EN 55015/2013 standard have been presented in the paper. In order to compare both methods, each tested lamp was first measured using the traditional method described in Section4.4.2 and then tested by an alternative, equivalent method described in Annex B of the above-mentioned standard. The comparison of results for both methods indicates that using first method, a given LED lamp emits disturbances below the acceptable limits, while the same LED lamp tested with the second method emits disturbances that are at the limit of admissible values. Additionally, used statistical tools in the form of calculated linear correlation coefficient show that the nature of the emission of disturbances measured for the same lamp is very comparable in both methods. The reference of these quasi-peak values to the permissible limits applicable in one or the other method may lead to different decisions.