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Families originally living in public housing were assigned housing vouchers by lottery, encouraging moves to neighborhoods with lower poverty rates. Although we had hypothesized that reading and math test scores would be higher among children in families offered vouchers (with larger effects among younger children), the results show no significant effects on test scores for any age group among more than 5,000 children aged six to 20 in 2002 who were assessed four to seven years after randomization. Program impacts on school environments were considerably smaller than impacts on neighborhoods, suggesting that achievement-related benefits from improved neighborhood environments alone are small.

The unsustainable harvest and consumption of wild animals destabilizes both wildlife populations and the human livelihoods that depend upon them. In coastal landscapes, the overexploitation of terrestrial resources can increase pressures on marine ecosystems, and vice versa. We explore populations' ability to mitigate hunting pressure by bolstering marine livelihood strategies, assessing whether Malagasy people (or aggregated households) (1) transfer harvest pressure and consumption from oceans to forests in times of lower fisheries yields and (2) habitually exploit both marine and terrestrial resources. We also evaluate the diversity of fishers' and hunters' methods used and species targeted, as reliance on a limited range of resources elevates sensitivity to perturbations in resource access and forces people to shift across rather than within livelihood strategies when experiencing scarcity. We present data on annual marine and terrestrial wildlife use in western Madagascar, where cyclic droughts and famines exert pressure on local populations, and people depend on wild food sources from adjacent mangrove and dry forests. In a study village outside Kirindy Mitea National Park, we surveyed and interviewed 369 individuals (N = 89 households) and conducted 18 focus groups over 6 months (September 2018 to March 2019). We found that individual people tended to exclusively hunt or fish, and hunters pursued relatively few species with more specialized methods than fishers did. By distributing resource utilization across ecosystems, families likely increase household resilience. Therefore, conservation and alternative livelihood efforts will benefit from a regional‐scale, multi‐ecosystem approach.

The loss and degradation of forests and other ecosystems worldwide threaten both global biodiversity and the livelihoods of people who use natural resources. Understanding how natural resource use impacts landscape provisioning services for both people and wildlife is thus critical for designing comprehensive resource management strategies. We used data from community focus groups, botanical plots and an inventory of plant species consumed by the Critically Endangered red‐ruffed lemur ( Varecia rubra ) to assess the availability of key provisioning services for people and endemic wildlife on the Masoala Peninsula, a rainforest transformation landscape, in northeastern Madagascar (Masoala National Park and 13 surrounding communities). We constructed Poisson regression mixed models to evaluate the impact of community factors (i.e. community population size, plot distance to community) and changes over time on the count and species richness of timber trees, medicinal plants and red‐ruffed lemur food trees within botanical plots. Over three‐quarters of all plant species could be used for at least one purpose by local communities ( n  = 238 species). Of the 59 V. rubra food tree species, only 15% had no reported human use. Timber and ruffed lemur food tree availability declined both with community population size and time and were predicted to be lower outside of Masoala National Park. In contrast, medicinal plant availability was not strongly predicted by any tested factors. Provisioning service availability also differed strongly across sites, suggesting that additional, untested proxies of human pressure likely also have an effect. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating natural resource availability from a community‐based perspective and by resource purpose to inform forest landscape restoration efforts that can support both people and wildlife. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Ny fahapotehan'ny ala sy ny tontolo iainana maneran'izao tontolo izao dia manambana ny zava‐boahary rehetra eran‐tany sy ny fiveloman'ny olona izay mampiasa azy. Noho izany dia mila fantarina ny fiantraikan'izany fampiasana harena voajanahary izany amin'ny tolotra izay omen'ity fanarany, na ho an'ny olombelona, na ho an'ny biby na ho an'ny zava‐maniry, mba ahafahana mamolavola paikadim‐pitantanana an'io harena io. Nampiasa ireo tahirin‐kevitra voahangona teny anivon'ireo vondron'olona ifotony, sy teknika « plot botanique » ary fanisana ireo karazan‐java‐maniry sakafon'ireo biby atahorana ho lany tamingana antsoina hoe Varignaina ( Varecia rubra , Varimena) izahay mba hanaovana tombana ny fahafahan'ny harena voajanahary mamaly ny filan'ireo mponina sy ireo biby tsy fahita hafa tsy ao amin'ny saikinosin'i Masoala, izay ala mando trôpikaly, hita amin'iny faritra avaratra atsinanan'ny Madagasikara iny (valan‐javaboaharin'i Masoala sy vondrom‐piarahamonina 13 manodidina) Nanagana modelim‐pandrefesana antsoina hoe « régression de Poisson » izahay mba hanaovana tombana ny mety ho fiantraikan'ny toetoetrin'ny fiaraha‐monina (izany hoe ny isan'ny mponina, ny elanelan‐toerana misy ilay « plot » sy ireo mponina) ary ny fiovan'ny fotoana misy eo amin'ny karazan‐javamaniry misy ao anatin'ilay « plot botanique » natao sy ny habetsahany: hazo trano, zava‐maniry afaka atao ahody (fanafody), sy hazo fihinan'ireo varignaina. Maherin'ny telo ampahefatry ny karazan‐javamaniry misy no nampiasain'ny vondrom‐piarahamonina agny an‐toerana ( n  = 238 karazana). Amin'ireo 59 karazana kakazo fihinan'ireo Varignaina kosa dia 15% ihany no tsy nampiasan'ny mponina. Mihena miaraka amin'ny habetsahan'ny mponina sy ny fotoana ny fatran'ireo sakafo fihinan'ireo Varinaigna sy ny hazo trano; ary vinavinaina ho ambany kokoa izany amin'ny faritra ivelan'ny valan‐javaboahary Masoala. Ny fatran'ireo zava‐maniry fanao ahody kosa anefa dia tsy novinavinaina be tao anatin'ireo tombana natao. Ny tolotra omen'ny zava‐boahary iray dia miova arakaraka ny toerana misy azy, izay milaza fa mety hisy fiantraikany ihany koa ireo tsindry hafa ny mponina eny ifotony ka tsy voasedra. Ny voka‐pikarohana nataonay dia manasongadina fa tena ilaina ny fanaovana tombana ireo harena voajanahary misy amin'ny fomba fijery izay mifototra amin'ny fiaraha‐monina, ary mba hampahafantarana azy ireo ny ezaka famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny alan‐javaboahary izay azon'ny olona sy ny biby ampiasaina. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE type b is the leading cause of meningitis and other serious infections in children. 1 2 3 The attack rates of this disease among certain Native American populations, such as Alaskan Eskimos, Navajos, and Apaches, are 5 to 10 times higher than those in the general U.S. population. 4 5 6 Moreover, approximately 40 percent of the cases in these populations occur before the age of six months. Recently, an H. influenzae conjugate vaccine was produced by covalently linking H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide to portions of the outer-membrane protein complex (OMPC) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B 7 (PedvaxHIB, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research . . .

[...]today many urban school systems offer school choice. [...]we were surprised and disappointed by the inability of the Moving to Opportunity experiment to help poor children succeed in school.

From the founding of the first colonies until the present, the influence of Christianity, as the dominant faith in American society, has extended far beyond church pews into the wider culture. Yet, at the same time, Christians in the United States have disagreed sharply about the meaning of their shared tradition, and, divided by denominational affiliation, race, and ethnicity, they have taken stances on every side of contested public issues from slavery to women's rights.This volume of twenty-two original essays, contributed by a group of prominent thinkers in American religious studies, provides a sophisticated understanding of both the diversity and the alliances among Christianities in the United States and the influences that have shaped churches and the nation in reciprocal ways.American Christianitiesexplores this paradoxical dynamic of dominance and diversity that are the true marks of a faith too often perceived as homogeneous and monolithic.Contributors:Catherine L. Albanese, University of California, Santa BarbaraJames B. Bennett, Santa Clara UniversityEdith Blumhofer, Wheaton CollegeAnn Braude, Harvard Divinity SchoolCatherine A. Brekus, University of Chicago Divinity SchoolKristina Bross, Purdue UniversityRebecca L. Davis, University of DelawareCurtis J. Evans, University of Chicago Divinity SchoolTracy Fessenden, Arizona State UniversityKathleen Flake, Vanderbilt University Divinity SchoolW. Clark Gilpin, University of Chicago Divinity SchoolStewart M. Hoover, University of Colorado at BoulderJeanne Halgren Kilde, University of MinnesotaDavid W. Kling, University of MiamiTimothy S. Lee, Brite Divinity School, Texas Christian UniversityDan McKanan, Harvard Divinity SchoolMichael D. McNally, Carleton CollegeMark A. Noll, University of Notre DameJon Pahl, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at PhiladelphiaSally M. Promey, Yale UniversityJon H. Roberts, Boston UniversityJonathan D. Sarna, Brandeis University

The Florida Everglades is a large and diverse aquatic ecosystem that has been greatly altered over the past century by an extensive water control infrastructure designed to increase agricultural and urban economic productivity. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), launched in 2000, is a joint effort led by the state and federal government to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. Increasing water storage is a critical component of the restoration, and the CERP included projects that would drill over 330 aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells to store up to 1.65 billion gallons per day in porous and permeable units in the aquifer system during wet periods for recovery during seasonal or longer-term dry periods. To address uncertainties regarding regional effects of large-scale ASR implementation in the Everglades, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the South Florida Water Management District conducted an 11-year ASR Regional Study, with focus on the hydrogeology of the Floridan aquifer system, water quality changes during aquifer storage, possible ecological risks posed by recovered water, and the regional capacity for ASR implementation. At the request of the USACE, Review of the Everglades Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study reviews the ASR Regional Study Technical Data Report and assesses progress in reducing uncertainties related to full-scale CERP ASR implementation. This report considers the validity of the data collection and interpretation methods; integration of studies; evaluation of scaling from pilot-to regional-scale application of ASR; and the adequacy and reliability of the study as a basis for future applications of ASR.

Working Paper No. 11909 Families originally living in public housing were assigned housing vouchers by lottery, encouraging moves to neighborhoods with lower poverty rates. Although we had hypothesized that reading and math test scores would be higher among children in families offered vouchers (with larger effects among younger children), the results show no significant effects on test scores for any age group among over 5000 children ages 6 to 20 in 2002 who were assessed four to seven years after randomization. Program impacts on school environments were considerably smaller than impacts on neighborhoods, suggesting that achievement-related benefits from improved neighborhood environments are alone small.