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The α-kinase, eEF2K, phosphorylates the threonine 56 residue of eEF2 to inhibit global peptide elongation (protein translation). As a master regulator of protein synthesis, in combination with its unique atypical kinase active site, investigations into the targeting of eEF2K represents a case of intense structure-based drug design that includes the use of modern computational techniques. The role of eEF2K is incredibly diverse and has been scrutinized in several different diseases including cancer and neurological disorders—with numerous studies inhibiting eEF2K as a potential treatment option, as described in this paper. Using available crystal structures of related α-kinases, particularly MHCKA, we report how homology modeling has been used to improve inhibitor design and efficacy. This review presents an overview of eEF2K related drug discovery efforts predating from the 1990’s, to more recent in vivo studies in rat models. We also provide the reader with a basic introduction to several approaches and software programs used to undertake such drug discovery campaigns. With the recent exciting publication of an eEF2K crystal structure, we present our view regarding the future of eEF2K drug discovery.

Background Parents may struggle to initiate healthy weight-related conversations with their children. Educational videos may be an effective tool for improving parents’ knowledge and self-efficacy on this topic. The aim of this pilot study was to develop an educational video to assist parents in weight-related conversations with their child, and to assess changes in parents’ self-efficacy on this topic. Methods Video development was based on a scoping review and semi-structured interviews with parents. Respondent demographics and user satisfaction were assessed at pre- and post- video, and 4–6 months later. Self-efficacy scores were compared between parent groups based on weight concerns over time. Results Fifty-seven parents participated in the video questionnaires, and 40 repeated measures 4–6 months later. Significant improvements in self-efficacy in “raising the issue of weight” and “answering questions or concerns” were found after watching the video ( p  ≤ 0.002) compared to baseline, and scores 4–6 months post baseline remained slightly elevated, but non-significant. Parents with concerns about their child being overweight had significantly lower perceived self-efficacy scores compared to parents with no concerns about their child’s weight ( p  = 0.031). The video was found to be positively received and of relevance to parents across a number of different domains. Conclusion(s) Preliminary findings suggest an educational video about initiating weight-related conversations may be an effective tool for increasing parents’ perceived self-efficacy in the short term. Further work is needed to validate findings in a randomized controlled trial, and with diverse parent populations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03664492 . Registered 10 September 2018 – Retrospectively registered

Elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) is calmodulin activated and phosphorylates eEF2, a GTPase, that regulates global translation. When eEF2K phosphorylates eEF2, protein translation is halted. This process may be critical to studying how diseases like cancer dysregulate protein synthesis. eEF2K is an alpha kinase and not targeted by conventional kinase inhibitors. Traditional methods of structure-based drug design are incredibly time consuming and expensive, which may involve screening large libraries of small molecules. We have generated de novo small binder proteins (~10kDa) - using RFDiffusion and ProteinMPNN. One promising de novo binder protein we produced, CAM1 binds to a hydrophobic patch on the calmodulin binding domain of eEF2K with nanomolar affinity as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. This binder, in vitro, significantly reduces eEF2 peptide phosphorylation, comparable to the gold-standard small molecule eEF2K inhibitor, A-484954. The predicted structure of CAM1 is a helical bundle which has been confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Impressively, CAM1 has a melting temperature >800C, and is produced recombinantly in bacteria, greater than 5 mg / culture liter. We have also determined that CAM1 transfection significantly reduces mammalian HeLa cell proliferation comparable to A-484954 treatment and inhibits the phosphorylation of eEF2. Our de novo binder, the first to our knowledge to inhibit an alpha kinase, and the first non-competitive eEF2K inhibitor, establishes an alternative method of targeting atypical kinase activity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.

Phosphorylation on tyrosine is a key step in many signaling pathways. Despite recent progress in design of protein binders, there are no current methods for designing binders that recognize phosphorylated proteins and peptides; this is a challenging problem as phosphate groups are highly charged, and phosphorylation often occurs within unstructured regions. Here we introduce RoseTTAFold Diffusion 2 for Molecular Interfaces (RFD2-MI), a deep generative framework for the design of binders for protein, ligand, and covalently modified protein targets. We demonstrate the power and versatility of this method by designing binders for four critical phosphotyrosine sites on three clinically relevant targets: Cluster of Differentiation 3 (CD3ε), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Insulin Receptor (INSR). Experimental characterization shows that the designs bind their phospho-tyrosine containing targets with affinities comparable to native binding sites and have negligible binding to non-phosphorylated targets or phosphopeptides with different sequences. X-ray crystal structures of generated binders to CD3ε and EGFR are very close to the design models, demonstrating the accuracy of the design approach. RFD2-MI provides a generalizable all-atom diffusion framework for probing and modulating phosphorylation-dependent signaling, and more generally, for developing research tools and targeted therapeutics against post-translationally modified proteins.

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear polymer of orthophosphate that is present in nearly all organisms studied to date. A remarkable function of polyP involves its attachment to lysine residues via non-enzymatic post-translational modification (PTM) that is presumed to be covalent. Here, we show that proteins containing tracts of consecutive histidine residues exhibit a similar modification by polyP, which confers an electrophoretic mobility shift on NuPAGE gels. Our screen uncovered 30 human and yeast histidine repeat proteins that are specifically modified by polyP. This polyP modification is histidine-dependent and non-covalent in nature, though remarkably, it withstands harsh denaturing conditions—a hallmark of covalent PTMs. We have termed this interaction ionic histidine polyphosphorylation (iH-PPn) to describe its unique PTM-like properties. Importantly, we show that iH-PPn disrupts phase separation and phosphorylation activity of the human protein kinase DYRK1A, and inhibits the activity of the transcription factor MafB, highlighting iH-PPn as a potential hitherto unrecognized regulatory mechanism.

Phosphorylation on tyrosine is a key step in many signaling pathways. Despite recent progress in de novo design of protein binders, there are no current methods for designing binders that recognize phosphorylated proteins and peptides; this is a challenging problem as phosphate groups are highly charged, and phosphorylation often occurs within unstructured regions. Here we introduce RoseTTAFold Diffusion 2 for Molecular Interfaces (RFD2-MI), a deep generative framework for the design of binders for protein, ligand, and covalently modified protein targets. We demonstrate the power and versatility of this method by designing binders for four critical phosphotyrosine sites on three clinically relevant targets: Cluster of Differentiation 3 (CD3ε), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Insulin Receptor (INSR) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5). Experimental characterization shows that the designs bind their phosphotyrosine containing targets with affinities comparable to native binding sites and have negligible binding to non-phosphorylated targets or phosphopeptides with different sequences. X-ray crystal structures of generated binders to CD3ε and EGFR are very close to the design models, demonstrating the accuracy of the design approach. A designed binder to an EGFR intracellular region phosphorylated upon EGF activation co-localizes with the receptor following EGF stimulation in single-particle tracking (SPT) experiments, demonstrating pY specific recognition in living cells. RFD2-MI provides a generalizable all-atom diffusion framework for probing and modulating phosphorylation-dependent signaling, and more generally, for developing research tools and targeted therapeutics against post-translationally modified proteins.