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Health guidelines suggest that caregivers provide preschoolers with opportunities to be physically active for 3 h per day (roughly 15 min per waking hour), but because children are not continuously active, it is unclear what amount of time is needed to reach this goal. This naturalistic study enrolled 67 children (M = 4.5 years, 46% female) who wore accelerometers to measure their activity during indoor and outdoor free -play (N = 315,061 s). An hour of indoor play was insufficient for most children to reach 15 min of physical activity. When outside, most children reached 15 min of physical activity after slightly more than 30 min. Children engaged in outdoor activity sporadically (1.7 starts/stops per minute). Most physical activity occurred in bouts shorter than 20 s. Indoor free-play does not, on its own, provide sufficient opportunity for preschoolers to engage in physical activity consistent with health guidelines. As a result, outdoor play for at least 30 min at a time has a key role in meeting these guidelines.

Objective To understand how parents of young children coped with stress during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background Families with young children faced substantial stress during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Yet, relatively few studies have examined parents' mental health during the pandemic and the behaviors parents have used to cope with their stress. Method The current study surveyed 199 parents (76% women, Mage = 33 years) of children aged 2 to 4 years from across the United States between September and December 2020 about their COVID‐related stress and coping behaviors since stay‐at‐home orders began in March 2020. Results The coping behavior that parents most commonly endorsed was spending time with their children, a strategy that frequently made parents feel better. Successful coping (engaging in behaviors that made parents feel better) was positively associated with better mental health, regardless of parents' COVID‐related stress. Distraction and unsuccessful coping were not significantly associated with parents' mental health as a main effect. However, parents who engaged in more unsuccessful coping under conditions of high COVID‐related stress reported greater symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusion Although the COVID‐19 pandemic presented novel stressors for parents, it also presented new opportunities to spend time with family, which may have helped parents cope with the stress of the pandemic. Implications Young children may be considered an asset in the family system that prompts parents to engage in activities that make them feel better.

We examine whether women’s social proximity to Zika during the Zika epidemic predicts intentions to avoid a pregnancy because of the COVID-19 pandemic either directly or indirectly via subjective assessments of the pandemic. We apply path models on unique microdata from Brazil, the country most affected by Zika and an epicenter of COVID-19, to understand whether a novel infectious disease outbreak left lasting imprints shaping fertility intentions during a subsequent novel infectious disease outbreak. Findings show that Zika social proximity is associated with fertility intentions through an indirect path related to subjective assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings emerged regardless of whether a woman herself had or suspected she had Zika and speak to the transformative consequences of novel infectious disease outbreaks that go beyond mortality and health.

Despite calls to expand early childhood education (ECE) in the United States, questions remain regarding its medium- and long-term impacts on educational outcomes. We use meta-analysis of 22 high-quality experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted between 1960 and 2016 to find that on average, participation in ECE leads to statistically significant reductions in special education placement (d = 0.33 SD, 8.1 percentage points) and grade retention (d = 0.26 SD, 8.3 percentage points) and increases in high school graduation rates (d = 0.24 SD, 11.4 percentage points). These results support ECE's utility for reducing education-related expenditures and promoting child well-being.

Children who are more curious learn more in school, but little is known about how to promote curiosity-driven behaviors. In a preregistered experiment, 103 children (54 boys, 49 girls, ages 5-7 years) were randomly assigned to a condition in which they were encouraged to ask questions, or to listen carefully, during eight one-on-one science lessons over 2 weeks. Children in the question-asking condition valued new science information significantly more than children in the listening condition (Wilcoxon r = 0.23). Children with less background knowledge, as measured by their baseline vocabulary and science achievement, showed greater curiosity and learning benefits from question-asking. These results suggest that practice with question-asking can boost some aspects of curiosity and learning in science domains.

The antiinflammatory small molecule ibudilast was tested in a phase 2 trial in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. The rate of brain atrophy over 96 weeks was lower with ibudilast than with placebo. Side effects with ibudilast included GI symptoms and depression.

Approximately 40% of individuals undergoing anterior temporal lobe resection for temporal lobe epilepsy experience episodic memory decline. There has been a focus on early memory network changes; longer-term plasticity and its impact on memory function are unclear. Our study investigates neural mechanisms of memory recovery and network plasticity over nearly a decade post-surgery. We assess memory network changes, from 3–12 months to 10 years postoperatively, in 25 patients (12 left-sided resections) relative to 10 healthy matched controls, using longitudinal task-based functional MRI and standard neuropsychology assessments. We observe key adaptive changes in memory networks of a predominantly seizure-free cohort. Ongoing neuroplasticity in posterior medial temporal regions and contralesional cingulum or pallidum contribute to long-term verbal and visual memory recovery. Here, we show the potential for sustained cognitive improvement and importance of strategic approaches in epilepsy treatment, advocating for conservative surgeries and long-term use of cognitive rehabilitation for ongoing recovery. Using functional MRI, the authors tracked memory recovery over a decade after epilepsy surgery, revealing key brain changes in spared medial temporal structures and contralateral regions, highlighting neural mechanisms behind sustained improvement.

Rural communities make up 19% of the US population, yet are underrepresented in clinical trials. Community engagement methods can facilitate collaboration and trust with local healthcare personnel to enhance enrollment. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe community engagement methods and their impact on enrollment in a pragmatic clinical trial. We describe a variety of methods used in the Fibromyalgia TENS in Physical Therapy Study (FM-TIPS) to enhance enrollment in rural communities and low-enrolling clinics. Community engagement methods were implemented partway through the trial for selected groups: Targeted Rural (TR) ( = 10), Targeted Low Enrolling (TLE) ( = 6), and compared to Untargeted Groups (UT) ( = 13). The impact of these methods on inquiries, screening, and enrollment were evaluated by comparing actual enrollment to projected enrollment. We trained and employed community engagement coordinators to implement strategies in TR and TLE physical therapy clinics. These included, posting flyers, community events, physician outreach, social media ads, and direct mailing. These methods increased study inquiries, screening and enrollment in the study. Specifically, when compared to projected values there were increases in enrollment for both the TR and the TLE groups, but not the UT group. Of those that passed screening 99% of rural and 32% of urban residents enrolled in the study. A multi-pronged and individualized community engagement approach can increase enrollment of rural residents in clinical trials. Building strong relationships and partnering with community clinics and local communities is essential to success.

The Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a central regulator of eukaryotic cell growth that is inhibited by the drug rapamycin. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, translational defects associated with TORC1 inactivation inhibit cell cycle progression at an early stage in G1, but little is known about the possible roles for TORC1 later in the cell cycle. We investigated the rapamycin-hypersensitivity phenotype of cells lacking the S phase cyclin Clb5 (clb5Δ) as a basis for uncovering novel connections between TORC1 and the cell cycle regulatory machinery. Dosage suppression experiments suggested that the clb5Δ rapamycin hypersensitivity reflects a unique Clb5-associated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) function that cannot be performed by mitotic cyclins and that also involves motor proteins, particularly the kinesin-like protein Kip3. Synchronized cell experiments revealed rapamycin-induced defects in pre-anaphase spindle assembly and S phase progression that were more severe in clb5Δ than in wild-type cells but no apparent activation of Rad53-dependent checkpoint pathways. Some rapamycin-treated cells had aberrant spindle morphologies, but rapamycin did not cause gross defects in the microtubule cytoskeleton. We propose a model in which TORC1 and Clb5/CDK act coordinately to promote both spindle assembly via a pathway involving Kip3 and S phase progression.