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This paper describes the physiochemical, optical and biological activity of chitosan-chromone derivative. The chitosan-chromone derivative gels were prepared by reacting chitosan with chromone-3-carbaldehyde, followed by solvent exchange, filtration and drying by evaporation. The identity of Schiff base was confirmed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The chitosan-chromone derivative was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and circular dichroism (CD). The CD spectrum showed the chitosan-chromone derivative had a secondary helical structure. Microbiological screening results demonstrated the chitosan-chromone derivative had antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria. The chitosan-chromone derivative did not have any adverse effect on the cellular proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and did not lead to cellular toxicity in MEFs. These results suggest that the chitosan-chromone derivative gels may open a new perspective in biomedical applications.

Blends of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with spandex are widely used in sportswear and outdoor apparel. However, dyeing PET/spandex fabrics remains challenging due to the high energy required at elevated dyeing temperatures and persistent problems with poor color fastness caused by dye staining on the spandex component. In this study, we investigated the dyeing behavior of a chemically modified poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-polyethylene glycol) (PCP) blended with spandex and compared it with conventional PET/spandex blends. The PCP/spandex fabrics exhibited significantly improved dyeability, showing higher dyebath exhaustion and greater color strength than PET/spandex blends, particularly at sub-conventional dyeing temperatures. The optimal dyeing condition for PCP/spandex blends was identified as 110 °C for 60 min, which provided a balance between enhanced dye uptake and minimized spandex staining. Moreover, PCP/spandex fabrics demonstrated improved color fastness at lower dyeing temperatures (110–120 °C), primarily due to the reduced staining tendency of the spandex component when blended with PCP fibers. This reduction in spandex staining minimized dye migration during washing. Overall, these findings suggest that PCP/spandex blends offer a promising, energy-efficient alternative to conventional PET/spandex fabrics. They enable effective dyeing at lower temperatures while achieving improved color fastness, thereby addressing key challenges in the dyeing of elastic fiber blends.

As azo dyes are commercially used to treat textiles and leather articles, but they were toxic, allergenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to human and environment if they were not well treated, the content and degradation of azo dyes in wastewater were very important. So far, various methods such as physical, chemical, and biological methods have been applied to solve this. As a sequential work, we tried to remove a famous azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by biological assay and found that Clostridium acetobutylicum showed the best decolorization of RB5 among the hydrogen producing Clostridium species examined. It was also found 100 ppm concentration of RB5 did not affect biohydrogen production of C. acetobutylicum suggesting simultaneous degradation of azo dye and biohydrogen production was possible. Optimal condition for simultaneous decolorization and biohydrogen production was selected as pH 6, 40 °C, and 200 rpm, and high concentration (200 ppm) of RB5 could be decolorized up to 97%. When C. acetobutylicum was examined for further decoloring activities, it was showed the decolorization of various dyes such as Bromophenol, Bromocresol, Methyl Red, and Reactive Red 120. This study showed potential application of C. acetobutylicum in wastewater treatment by simultaneous decolorizing and biohydrogen production. Graphical abstract

Sustainable bleaching of Juton (a Jute-Cotton blend) fabric with peracetic acid (PAA) and bleach activators was investigated. The whiteness effect of PAA can be enhanced by adding bleach activators such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (NOBS). This study evaluated six distinct bleaching methods on Juton fabric: using only PAA, using PAA/TAED, using PAA/NOBS, using only H2O2 (HP), using HP/TAED, and using HP/NOBS. The Juton fabric was bleached at different temperatures, in various pHs, and for different durations, using PAA, HP, and their combinations with TAED and NOBS. FT-IR, XPS, and SEM analyses were conducted to examine the chemical structure, bonding, and surface morphology of the Juton fabrics following the bleaching process. Fabrics bleached with PAA in combination with NOBS exhibited enhanced whiteness, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, and mechanical properties.

Chitosan exhibits a wide range of bio-properties, including biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and biodegradability. In this study, we prepared bionanocomposites by using chitosan/gelatin with different concentrations of silver-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles. The silver-loaded ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol–gel method with a gelatin template. The bionanocomposite films were prepared via green chemistry approach, using a solution casting method. The bionanocomposites were well-characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and stability and rheological studies. The enhanced antibacterial activity of the bionanocomposites was studied. Swelling tests were performed by varying the pH of the test solution. The mechanical and thermal properties of the biopolymer matrix were improved by introduction of small amounts of Ag@ZnO. Overall, our results suggest that the bionanocomposites have the potential to increase the efficiency of tissue engineering and thus could serve as suitable materials for biomedical and antimicrobial packaging applications. Graphical abstract

The role of mechanical action on the washing process was studied. The experimental apparatus was designed to simulate each mechanical action such as the hydrodynamic flow action, the fabric flexing action, the abrasion action during washing process. The influence of mechanical action strongly depends on the property and attached state of each soil. The abrasion action was found as the most effective mechanical action for soil removal.

The rising levels of atmospheric CO 2 owing to human activities have intensified the need for efficient CO 2 capture and conversion technologies. Carbon-based materials with tunable properties and versatility have emerged as promising candidates for addressing this global challenge. This comprehensive review focuses on the recent advancements in carbon-based materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, and biochar, for enhanced CO 2 capture and conversion applications. We explored the structural and chemical modifications of these materials to improve their adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability under operational conditions. This review describes the technologies, methods, and mechanisms used for CO 2 capture and fixation. In addition, we review the synthesis methods for various amines and carbonaceous materials (CMs) to highlight the recent progress in CMs used for CO 2 adsorption and fixation. We also discuss the amine functionalization of CMs to improve their CO 2 capture and fixation capacities. This review also highlights the challenges related to scalability, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts while identifying future research directions aimed at optimizing the performance and sustainability of carbon-based materials in real-world applications. Through this detailed analysis, we provide critical insight into how carbon-based materials can contribute to climate change mitigation by integrating CO 2 capture and conversion strategies.

A novel biodegradable biopolymer N-naphthaloyl chitosan was synthesized by reaction of chitosan with 1,8-naphthalic anhydride in aqueous media by environmentally benign approach. The synthesized N-naphthaloyl chitosan were characterized by using UV-vis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Some physical properties and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Thus, the synthesized polymer may open new perspectives in biomedical applications such as sensitive biosensor and biomarker material.

Cellulose diacetate fibers were prepared from cellulosic biomass with high α-cellulose contents such as purified cotton linters and wood pulps. Cellulose diacetate fibers are sensitive to alkaline solution, which causes hydrolysis of the acetate ester to hydroxyl groups, especially at high temperatures. Thus, the low alkali-resistance of cellulose acetate fibers makes it difficult to achieve high wash fastness by restricting the application of intense after-treatment, such as reduction clearing. A series of N-methylphthalimide-based high-washable azo disperse dyes were synthesized and their dyeing and fastness properties on cellulose diacetate fabrics were investigated. From the overall results obtained in this study, N-methylphthalimidylazo disperse dyes are expected to be a desirable alternative to high value-added dyes that can be used for high color fastness dyeing of cellulose diacetate with a minimal discharge of wastewater during washing process.

This study investigated the dyeability of poly(ethylene terephthalate- co -polyethylene glycol) (PCP) fibers engineered for convenient disperse dyeing, using both low and high energy disperse dyes within a temperature range of 90–130 °C. A thermodynamic analysis revealed that the disperse dyeing of PCP fibers followed the Nernst isotherm. It displayed higher partition coefficients and equilibrium exhaustion than those of conventional PET fibers. The affinity parameter indicated a higher affinity of the disperse dyes for the PCP fibers, although the enthalpy and entropy variation indicated weaker dye embedding within the PCP polymer matrix. Kinetic studies revealed that dye exhaustion occurs more rapidly on PCP fibers at a temperature below the conventional disperse dyeing temperature for polyester (i.e., below 130 °C). In addition, the PCP fibers exhibited lower dyeing transition temperatures and higher diffusion coefficients at these reduced temperatures. Among the studied dyes, the low-molecular-weight disperse dye demonstrated more favorable thermodynamic and kinetic parameters than the high-molecular-weight disperse dye. Overall, these observations indicate that dyeing at 100 °C under atmospheric pressure is the optimal process condition for PCP fibers and is effective for both low- and high-molecular-weight dyes.