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"Kolev, Alexandre"
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Gender disparities in Africa's labor market
\"A copublication of the Agence franًcaise de dâeveloppement and the World Bank.\"--T.p.
Book
Ethnic wage gaps in Peru: What drives the particular disadvantage of indigenous women?
Ethnic inequality in labour market outcomes has long been on the policy agenda across Latin America. Using National Household Survey data, the authors analyse Peru's ethnic wage gap by sex over the period 2005–11. Although the gender wage gap is smaller than the ethnic gap, indigenous women compound both disadvantages. Interpreting the unexplained component of the gap as an upperlimit measure of ethnic discrimination, the authors then decompose the explained component into the discrete effects of individual, job and locational characteristics. Since more of the ethnic wage gap can be explained on these grounds among women, they conclude with targeted policy proposals.
Journal Article
Gender disparities in Africa's labor market
\"A copublication of the Agence française de développement and the World Bank.\"--T.p
Publication
Kyrgyz Labour Market in the Late 1990s: The Challenge of Formal Job Creation
The persistence of widespread poverty in the Kyrgyz Republic seems to be due to the presence of a large pool of jobless and discouraged workers, as well as to the low level of formal job creation. This has prevented informal jobholders from moving from a situation of mere survival into a better economic position. Addressing the problem of low formal job creation requires removing the many institutional barriers that prevent the development of small and medium enterprises in the country.
Journal Article
Gender disparities in Africa's labor market
The main aim of this book is to help fill the gap in current knowledge about the nature, the extent, and some of the root causes of gender disparities in Africa, showing what can be revealed about the application of standard and less standard tools and methods to existing survey and national account data. The analysis herein is novel in providing in-depth assessments of some of the sources of gender disparities in different labor market outcomes. A part of the book provides results on the basis that data are as comparable as possible for 18 countries. These results were extracted from multi-topic, integrated household surveys conducted in Africa around 2000 and thus may not represent the latest trends, but they have the merit to be comparable. The cross-national perspective provides a benchmark against which other results for individual countries and more recent data presented here may be compared. Additional goals are to demonstrate the possibilities, as well as the challenges, of analysis of gender inequality in labor market outcomes with existing survey data, to support the improvement of data collection, and to stimulate further research on gender disparities in Africa. The book touches on policy issues at various points, although it is not principally a book about using policy to reduce gender inequality. Rather, it aims to provide analysis that is relevant to policy design.
eBook
Unemployment, job quality and poverty: A case study of Bulgaria
Though Bulgaria's economy has performed reasonably well over the past five years, its labour market situation has remained bleak, with unemployment very high and poor working conditions widespread. A number of studies have focused on the rise in unemployment and its links with income poverty, recognizing also that work does not necessarily keep families out of poverty (e.g. Rutkowski, 1999). Less attention has been paid, however, to the quality of employment and its links with both income and non-income dimensions of poverty. The aim of this article is twofold: first, to identify the determinants of poverty that are mediated by the labour market in Bulgaria, drawing attention to the income and non-income dimensions of poverty; and, second, to identify the profile of groups at risk of adverse labour market outcomes. Extending the discussion on these issues is important to clarify the various aspects of vulnerability in the labour market, and to help design comprehensive policy measures that better address the problems of poverty and social exclusion.
Journal Article
The middle class in Emerging Asia
As Asian societies continue to undergo rapid economic transformation, income distribution and social stratification are set to change radically. A primary characteristic of this evolution is the emergence of wealthier Asian middle-income classes. While middle-income classes are a heterogeneous group, they often come with new policy expectations, and the extent to which they will call for policy changes that are beneficial to more fragile segments of society remains unclear. This paper investigates the characteristics of different income classes in Asia in order to explore the extent to which the emergence of wealthier Asian middle-income classes could become a driver for more inclusive societies. From this perspective, we assess whether middle-income classes share common characteristics with the poor and the near-poor in six Asian countries, i.e. Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan and Viet Nam. The paper finds that, in some aspects, middle-income classes share a number of similar characteristics with lower income classes. We discuss how this resemblance could result in support for policies that could benefit larger segments of society. We also underline the necessity to better integrate the needs of the poor and the near-poor in policy discussions, especially in areas where the interests of lower and upper income classes do not necessarily converge.
Paper
The middle class in Emerging Asia: Champions for more inclusive societies?
La rapide transformation des économies émergentes d'Asie a radicalement modifié leur distribution du revenu et leur structure sociale. Cette évolution est notamment caractérisée par l'augmentation du revenu des classes moyennes. Quoique ces classes moyennes sont fortement heterogenes, il est généralement admis que leur émergence s'accompagne de nouvelles préférences et demandes sur le plan des politiques publiques, et l'alignement de ses préférences avec celles de segments plus fragiles de la société reste a établir. Cet article evalue la mesure dans laquelle les classes moyennes sont differentes des populations pauvres et quasi-pauvres, et, sur cette base, si elles peuvent apparaître comme des moteurs de croissance inclusive, dans six pays asiatiques émergents : le Cambodge, la Chine, l'Indonésie, la Thailande, le Pakistan et le Viet Nam. L'article met en évidence une série de similarités entre leur classes moyennes respectives et des groupes au revenu moindre. Nous observons comment ces similarités peuvent soutenir des politiques bénéficiant â de larges pans de la société. Nous soulignons également la nécessité d'intégrer d'avantage les besoins spécifiques des foyers pauvres et quasi-pauvres dans l'établissement de politiques publiques, en particulier dans des domaines ou leurs intérets divergent de ceux des classes moyennes et supérieures.
Paper
Education-occupation mismatch in the context of informality and development
Using household data from 15 countries in Latin America and Africa, this paper explores linkages between informality and education-occupation matching. The paper applies a unified methodology to measuring education-occupation mismatches and informality, consistently with the international labour and statistical standards in this area. The results suggest that in the majority of low- and middle-income developing countries with available data, workers in informal jobs have higher odds of being undereducated as compared to workers in formal jobs. Workers in formal jobs, in contrast, have higher chances of being overeducated. These results are consistent for dependent as well as for independent workers. They also hold for men and for women according to the gender-disaggregated analysis. Moreover, in the majority of countries considered in this paper, the matching-informality nexus is also related to the extent of informality in a given area: in labour markets with higher informality, informal workers in particular have a higher chance of being undereducated. The paper discusses policy implications of these findings.
Paper
Education-occupation mismatch in the context of informality and development
Ce document de travail analyse les liens entre l'emploi informel et l'inadéquation entre niveaux de formation et emploi â partir des données d'enquetes de ménages qui couvrent 15 pays d'Amérique latine et d'Afrique. Il s'appuie sur une méthodologie unifiée pour mesurer l'inadéquation formation-emploi et l'informalité, conformément aux normes internationales du travail et des statistiques dans ce domaine. Les résultats suggerent que dans la majorité des pays en développement â revenu faible et intermédiaire pour lesquels des données sont disponibles, les travailleurs occupant des emplois informels ont une probabilité plus élevée d'etre sous-éduqués que les travailleurs occupant des emplois formels. Ceux-ci ont, a contrario, plus de chances d'etre sur-éduqués. Ces résultats sont cohérents tant pour les travailleurs salariés que pour les travailleurs indépendants. Selon l'analyse ventilée par sexe, ils sont également valables pour les hommes comme pour les femmes. De plus, dans la majorité des pays considérés dans ce document, le lien entre l'inadéquation formation-emploi et l'informalité est également lié â l'étendue de l'informalité dans une région donnée : sur les marchés du travail ou l'informalité est plus élevée, les travailleurs informels en particulier ont plus de probabilités d'etre sous-qualifiés. Le document examine les implications de ces résultats pour les politiques publiques.
Paper