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The instability of the domestic economy and the influence of external factors lead to the deviation of the basic macroeconomic indicators from the normative equilibrium values. This requires the development of a qualitatively new integrated approach to the analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators of the development of the economy sectors in order to identify the effective institutional and financial foundations for stimulating economic progress of our state. The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical positions of the financial and real sectors of the economy and conduct an econometric analysis of the indicators of their development. Results. Theoretical positions about the place of the real and financial sectors of the economy in the general economic system of the state has been systematized in the article. The main indicators (KPIs — key performance indicators) of the studied sectors of the economy has been revealed. The econometric analysis of the main indicators of the development of the economy sectors has been based on real (actual) values corrected for inflation and has been presented in the classical theoretical Hix-Hansen equilibrium model on commodity and money markets (IS-LM). The data of the National Bank of Ukraine on the dynamics of the monetary base (B) and monetary aggregates (M0 — M3), and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on GDP (Y) and inflation (СРІ) has been used in the research. The econometric analysis has showed a significant correlation between the nominal and real GDP, money supply and money base indicators, which are almost synchronized during 2001—2017. The presence of strong interdependence between the real values of these indicators has been confirmed by very high correlation values, which are ranged from 0.94 to 0.99. Almost functional dependence of the money supply on the monetary base has been explained by the availability of the existing mechanism of monetary multiplication, and the money market multiplier tends to increase. The high statistical dependence between the real NBU discount rate and the weighted average rate on all instruments has been revealed. It proved the effectiveness of the main instrument for implementing the discrete monetary policy of macroeconomic regulation. The negative significance of the correlation coefficients between the interest rates and the quantitative indicators of the real and financial sectors of the economy has shown that the traditional theoretical compromise in choosing the main problems to be solved in the economy to ensure macroeconomic stability is also typical for Ukraine. The application of the «expensive money» policy to combat high inflation negatively affects the real money supply, but taking into account the very high dependence between it and GDP, slows down the growth of the real sector of the economy, and vice versa. The obtained two-factor regression equation with very high reliability has explained by the retrospective changes in the real money supply. The most important factor for it is real GDP. This confirms the strong interconnection between the real and financial sectors of the economy in the process of developing the economic system. Quantitative indicators of development of both sectors are under the influence of long-term trends. They have their own nature and often depend on trends in the development of the world economy and finance as well as internal problems that are often predictable. Conclusions. The results has been obtained suggest that the synchronous long-term dynamics of real GDP, money supply and money base, as well as the statistical interdependence between them, firstly, signal that in Ukraine the rules of a market economy have already been formed and can be applied effectively in such conditions of the methods and tools of macroeconomic regulation, and secondly, processes occurring in one of the specified sectors of the economy will necessarily reflect on another. Therefore, solving macroeconomic problems requires a balanced and integrated approach taking into account the nature and strength of the interdependence between different processes and phenomena.

Raising social standards is an essential instrument of social policy by the state. However, the decision to raise the minimum wage rather sharply should consider its impact on fiscal and monetary policy. The article aims to study how government decisions on social standards (in particular minimum wages) can influence monetary policy decisions based on inflation targeting. Results of the research. The method of analysis of indicators and consequences of the introduction of inflation targeting in Ukraine, geographical neighbors and countries with similar economies is described. It is determined that the final effect of changes in social standards on inflation depends on the entire transmission mechanism, which includes several interrelated reactions, and maybe stretched over time, depending on both the speed of transmission of the impulse and the specifics of institutional regulation. It is established that the criterion for a dramatic increase in the minimum wage is a significant upward shift of the minimum wage to the average wage ratio curve. In this case, as we have shown, inflation expectations worsen, which modifies somewhat the behaviour of economic agents and is transferred to current inflation rates in the future. Raising social standards is a good decision of the government in order to maintain household incomes. However, to ensure the neutrality of such a decision for fiscal and monetary policy, it needs to be aligned with its objectives and strategies. Keywords: social standards, monetary policy, inflation targeting, minimum wage, GDP, government. JEL Classification Е 600 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 17.

The necessity to increase soil fertility by identifying their critical condition, which is associated with developing erosion processes, increasing acidity and decreasing humus, has been proven in the article. The requirement of introducing crop rotations and their legal regulation in Ukraine has been determined. The practice connected with the questions of supporting soil quality and crop rotations in different countries, members of the EU has been presented. The assessment of modern farming systems (intensive, organic, no-till, strip-till, precise, bio-enzyme, biogenic) taking into account economic, ecological, technological-energy, and social factors aimed at determining their impact on the natural soil fertility has been conducted. The expediency of improving soil quality in terms of its evaluation has been revealed. The necessity of introducing economic incentives or penalties to landowners or land users for agro-ecological condition of farmlands basing on the methods of land money value has been substantiated.

The modern approach to the implementation of water management activities is based on a quantitative assessment of the quality of water resources, which includes a certain set of indicators to reflect the needs of users in the composition and properties of water, to assess their condition, etc. Ecological assessment is a preliminary stage and a condition for ecological standardization of surface water quality. To analyze the compliance of water quality with ecological standards, the obtained results are compared with the values of ecological standards for the corresponding water body. The study carried out a quantitative assessment of water quality in the Vidsichne reservoir, near Zhytomyr (Ukraine). This assessment is based on the introduction of risk weighting factors from certain types of pollutants to the calculation formula of the integral indicator. Monitoring studies on hydrochemical indicators in the reservoir showed an increase in manganese content to 0.40 mg/dm 3 . To calculate the integral indicator of water quality, manganese and the related level of oxygen dissolved in water, biological oxygen consumption (BOC) were selected. It was established that the water in the reservoir belongs to the fourth quality class, that is, it is polluted. A model map of manganese concentration was built and the ecological coefficient of water quality was calculated, which indicates a 5-fold excess of ecological standards. The use of a graphic method of comprehensive assessment of the state of water in any reservoir is substantiated. The increase in manganese content is due to the seasonal increase in air temperature. The constructed mathematical model of the dependence of manganese content on temperature makes it possible to predict the state of the water body depending on climatic conditions and indicates an increase in the value of this indicator from 12°C and above. Quantitative assessment of water quality in the reservoir based on the sum of ecological indicators reflects the needs of users in the composition and properties of water and makes it possible to assess their condition.

Background Giant lung bullae (GLB) are rare, and the only currently available management involves either an open surgical resection (thoracotomy) or the newer minimally invasive resection consisting of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The aim of our study was to evaluate the possible influence of GLBs pulmonary attachment on patient's post-operative complications. Methods A retrospective analysis included all consecutive patients with GLBs who underwent bullae's surgical resection from 7/2007 to 12/2018. GLBs patient's individual characteristics, including demographics, comorbidities, and clinical pre-operative, surgical intra-operative and post-operative data were evaluated. Results 20 patients with GLBs, 15 males and 5 females with average age of 48.9 years (range, 22–67 years) underwent 21 surgical procedures. The GLBs were located in the right lung in 12 patients, in the left lung in seven patients, and in both lungs in one patient. Fifteen patients (75%) were symptomatic on admission and underwent urgent surgery. Five asymptomatic patients (25%) were operated on electively. Thirteen from 21 surgical procedures (61.9%) were VATS bullectomy, while the other eight were thoracotomies (38.1%). Complications included pneumonia successfully treated with intravenous antibacterial therapy in two thoracotomy patients and in one VATS patient (three patients, 14.2%) and a prolonged air leak in two thoracotomy and four VATS patients (six patients, 28.5%). Out of 21 GLBs, eight had a wide attachment with lung parenchyma (wide-based bullae's) and 13 had a short attachment (short-based bullae's). Two re-operated patients, with prolonged air leak complicated with empyema, had a wide-based GLBs. The median hospital stay was nine days. All patients completed the 24-month follow-up. Conclusions Minimally invasive video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery as an open thoracotomy surgery is a safe and effective for giant lung bullae (GLB). Patients with wide-based GLBs were more likely to develop postoperative prolonged air leak that requiring re-operation.

Purpose Anatomically correct patient-specific models made from medical imaging can be printed on a three-dimensional (3D) printer or turned into a virtual reality (VR) program. Until recently, use in anesthesia has been limited. In 2019, the anesthesia department at Tel Aviv Medical Center launched a 3D program with the aim of using 3D modelling to assist in preoperative anesthesia planning. Methods A retrospective review of all relevant patients between July 2019 and June 2021 referred for preoperative airway planning with 3D modelling. Patient files were reviewed for correlation between the model-based airway plan and the actual airway plan, the type of model used, and any anesthetic complications related to airway management. Results Twenty patients were referred for 3D modelling. Of these, 15 models were printed, including 12 children requiring one lung ventilation. Five patients had VR reconstructions, including three with mediastinal masses. One patient had both a 3D-printed model and a VR reconstruction. There were two cases (10%) where the model plan did not correlate with the final airway plan and one case where a model could not be created because of poor underlying imaging. For the remaining 17 cases, the plan devised on the model matched the final airway plan. There were no anesthetic complications. Conclusions Three-dimensional modelling and subsequent printing or VR reconstruction are feasible in clinical anesthesia. Its routine use for patients with challenging airway anatomy correlated well with the final clinical outcome in most cases. High-quality imaging is essential.

The paper assesses the geospatial variability of quality indicators of the Zlobychi alluvial ilmenite deposit of the Irsha group of deposits. The variability of quality indicators was also studied. Based on the use of statistical methods, the dependencies between individual quality indicators were established. A close correlation between the ilmenite content and the thickness of the formation, the thickness of the sole and the thickness of the peat, and an average correlation between the thickness of the formation and the thickness of the sole were found. The main result of the research is the construction of complex placer models, which are used to clarify the structure and conditions of the deposit formation, and to identify conditioned and unproductive areas. The correlation between the distribution of ilmenite and the value of the thickness of the ventilation crust was established. The data for determining the optimal development directions are presented and the zones of mineralization are identified.

Objectives: Robotic-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (RATS) has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional median sternotomy for patients with anterior mediastinal tumors suspected of having thymoma or those with Myasthenia Gravis (MG). While median sternotomy remains a widely accepted standard approach, RATS has gained popularity due to its potential benefits. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our 5 years’ experience of performing 111 surgeries for patients with anterior mediastinal tumors and patients with MG suspected of having thymoma. We performed multivariate regression models to assess the association between main demographic and clinical variables and two primary outcomes: overall complications and hospital stay. Results: Out of 111 patients, 54 were men (48.6%) and 57 were women (51.4%). The majority of surgeries (n = 93) were performed by RATS (83.8%), while the remainder were performed by either median sternotomy (n = 15, 13.5%) or by other approaches (n = 3, 2.7%). Sixty-five patients were diagnosed with thymoma (58.6%), with 96.9% R0 resection. Sixty-five patients underwent left-sided surgery (58.6%), and thirty-one underwent right-sided surgery (27.9%). The conversion rate was 2.5%. The rate of postoperative complications was 8.1 without perioperative mortality. The median hospital stay was 4.62 days, but it was significantly shorter in the RATS compared to the median sternotomy group (mean 3.64 vs. 10.67 days, p = 0.040). Conclusions: Our results suggest that RATS for patients with anterior mediastinal tumors suspected of having thymoma or for those with MG is safe and technically feasible and may be the preferred surgical approach for selected patients, whereas traditional median sternotomy remains the preferred choice for more locally advanced tumors.

The paper deals with the way and the form of modern humanitaristics understanding of the problem of visual representation of “the Other”. The authors’ tasks were to comprehend the nature and dynamics of visualization, to give a distinct working definition of visual competence. Besides, the purpose of the paper was to state the components of visual competence, its criteria, estimation methods and in this context to interpret the image of “the Other” decoded in scientific philosophic and cultural literature and in daily cultural practices. And the final task was to reduce the visual message to the verbal one. The doctrine that the image may be read is the common prejudice, which prevents the formation of a new approach to visuality. The first step towards the solution of problem is to describe the techniques, which help in potential understanding of the visual structure. Understanding the image diversity and its possible text analogues should help in establishing the specific requirements, which can be and must be applicable to visual representation of “the Other”. Representations in the visual culture (photography, cinematography, media, painting, advertisement) influence the social image, affects the daily social practices and communications. Visual representations are of interest for social theorists as well as cultural texts, as they give an idea on the context of cultural production, social interaction and individual experience.

Blood transfusion rates during surgery and hospitalization for thoracic surgery vary from 16% to 55%. The religious beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses (JW) permit medical and surgical procedures but exclude the use of blood and blood products. Performing major pulmonary resection without the possibility of compensating for blood loss is a daunting challenge that few surgeons are willing to meet. The clinical and surgical data on two JW patients who underwent major pulmonary resections for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in Tel Aviv Medical Center between the years 2019 and 2020 were retrieved from the departmental databases and analyzed for the requirement and consumption of blood products. The patients were a 70-year-old female and a 49-year-old man that have underwent a completion right upper lobe lobectomy and a left lower lobe lobectomy, respectively. None required blood transfusions and the surgeries were successful, demonstrating that it is possible to successfully perform \"bloodless\" major pulmonary resection while respecting the limitations set by the patient's religious beliefs. This concept paves the way for the consideration of major pulmonary resection for patients who are currently denied such procedures due to religious restrictions or to their being high-risk surgical candidates, when resources are limited or lacking.