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\"Written by leaders in the field, this book provides a thorough and insightful presentation of the research methodology on emotion recognition in a highly comprehensive writing style. Topics covered include emotional feature extraction, facial recognition, human-computer interface design, neuro-fuzzy techniques, support vector machine (SVM), reinforcement learning, principal component analysis, the hidden Markov model, and probabilistic models. The result is a innovative edited volume on this timely topic for computer science and electrical engineering students and professionals\"-- Provided by publisher.

A timely book containing foundations and current research directions on emotion recognition by facial expression, voice, gesture and biopotential signals This book provides a comprehensive examination of the research methodology of different modalities of emotion recognition. Key topics of discussion include facial expression, voice and biopotential signal-based emotion recognition. Special emphasis is given to feature selection, feature reduction, classifier design and multi-modal fusion to improve performance of emotion-classifiers. Written by several experts, the book includes several tools and techniques, including dynamic Bayesian networks, neural nets, hidden Markov model, rough sets, type-2 fuzzy sets, support vector machines and their applications in emotion recognition by different modalities. The book ends with a discussion on emotion recognition in automotive fields to determine stress and anger of the drivers, responsible for degradation of their performance and driving-ability. There is an increasing demand of emotion recognition in diverse fields, including psycho-therapy, bio-medicine and security in government, public and private agencies. The importance of emotion recognition has been given priority by industries including Hewlett Packard in the design and development of the next generation human-computer interface (HCI) systems. Emotion Recognition: A Pattern Analysis Approach would be of great interest to researchers, graduate students and practitioners, as the book * Offers both foundations and advances on emotion recognition in a single volume * Provides a thorough and insightful introduction to the subject by utilizing computational tools of diverse domains * Inspires young researchers to prepare themselves for their own research * Demonstrates direction of future research through new technologies, such as Microsoft Kinect, EEG systems etc.

Proposes computational models of human memory and learning using a brain-computer interfacing (BCI) approach Human memory modeling is important from two perspectives. First, the precise fitting of the model to an individual's short-term or working memory may help in predicting memory performance of the subject in future. Second, memory models provide a biological insight to the encoding and recall mechanisms undertaken by the neurons present in active brain lobes, participating in the memorization process. This book models human memory from a cognitive standpoint by utilizing brain activations acquired from the cortex by electroencephalographic (EEG) and functional near-infrared-spectroscopic (f-NIRs) means. Cognitive Modeling of Human Memory and Learning: A Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interfacing Approach begins with an overview of the early models of memory. The authors then propose a simplistic model of Working Memory (WM) built with fuzzy Hebbian learning. A second perspective of memory models is concerned with Short-Term Memory (STM)-modeling in the context of 2-dimensional object-shape reconstruction from visually examined memorized instances. A third model assesses the subjective motor learning skill in driving from erroneous motor actions. Other models introduce a novel strategy of designing a two-layered deep Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) classifier network and also deal with cognitive load assessment in motor learning tasks associated with driving. The book ends with concluding remarks based on principles and experimental results acquired in previous chapters. Examines the scope of computational models of memory and learning with special emphasis on classification of memory tasks by deep learning-based models Proposes Interval Type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FS) and General Type-2 Fuzzy Sets (GT2FS) based reasoning in the context of memory modeling and learning Employs Brain-Computer Interfaces for memory modeling and also cognitive load classification in motor learning tasks for driving learners Cognitive Modeling of Human Memory and Learning: A Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interfacing Approach will appeal to researchers in cognitive neuro-science and human/brain-computer interfaces. It is also beneficial to graduate students of computer science/electrical/electronic engineering.

The motivation of this special issue is to explore the biological underpinnings of perception, learning and motor control from the brain activations captured by electroencephalography (EEG), functional Near-Infrared spectroscopy (f-NIRs), and implantable intra-cortical devices, connected with human/animal brains in the settings of a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). [...]the authors employed tree and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm-based classification to determine the efficacy of the bimodal fusion. [...]a Linear Support Vector Machine (LSVM) classifier is used to classify the MI. Here, the authors employed Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to evaluate the influence of noise in the periodic components of the visual response.

Reliable detection of error from electroencephalography (EEG) signals as feedback while performing a discrete target selection task across sessions and subjects has a huge scope in real-time rehabilitative application of Brain-computer Interfacing (BCI). Error Related Potentials (ErrP) are EEG signals which occur when the participant observes an erroneous feedback from the system. ErrP holds significance in such closed-loop system, as BCI is prone to error and we need an effective method of systematic error detection as feedback for correction. In this paper, we have proposed a novel scheme for online detection of error feedback directly from the EEG signal in a transferable environment (i.e., across sessions and across subjects). For this purpose, we have used a P300-speller dataset available on a BCI competition website. The task involves the subject to select a letter of a word which is followed by a feedback period. The feedback period displays the letter selected and, if the selection is wrong, the subject perceives it by the generation of ErrP signal. Our proposed system is designed to detect ErrP present in the EEG from new independent datasets, not involved in its training. Thus, the decoder is trained using EEG features of 16 subjects for single-trial classification and tested on 10 independent subjects. The decoder designed for this task is an ensemble of linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, and logistic regression classifier. The performance of the decoder is evaluated using accuracy, F1-score, and Area Under the Curve metric and the results obtained is 73.97, 83.53, and 73.18%, respectively.

Discover the latest developments in multi-robot coordination techniques with this insightful and original resource Multi-Agent Coordination: A Reinforcement Learning Approach delivers a comprehensive, insightful, and unique treatment of the development of multi-robot coordination algorithms with minimal computational burden and reduced storage requirements when compared to traditional algorithms. The accomplished academics, engineers, and authors provide readers with both a high-level introduction to, and overview of, multi-robot coordination, and in-depth analyses of learning-based planning algorithms. You'll learn about how to accelerate the exploration of the team-goal and alternative approaches to speeding up the convergence of TMAQL by identifying the preferred joint action for the team. The authors also propose novel approaches to consensus Q-learning that address the equilibrium selection problem and a new way of evaluating the threshold value for uniting empires without imposing any significant computation overhead. Finally, the book concludes with an examination of the likely direction of future research in this rapidly developing field. Readers will discover cutting-edge techniques for multi-agent coordination, including: An introduction to multi-agent coordination by reinforcement learning and evolutionary algorithms, including topics like the Nash equilibrium and correlated equilibrium Improving convergence speed of multi-agent Q-learning for cooperative task planning Consensus Q-learning for multi-agent cooperative planning The efficient computing of correlated equilibrium for cooperative q-learning based multi-agent planning A modified imperialist competitive algorithm for multi-agent stick-carrying applications Perfect for academics, engineers, and professionals who regularly work with multi-agent learning algorithms, Multi-Agent Coordination: A Reinforcement Learning Approach also belongs on the bookshelves of anyone with an advanced interest in machine learning and artificial intelligence as it applies to the field of cooperative or competitive robotics.

A timely book containing foundations and current research directions on emotion recognition by facial expression, voice, gesture and biopotential signalsThis book provides a comprehensive examination of the research methodology of different modalities of emotion recognition. Key topics of discussion include facial expression, voice and biopotential signal-based emotion recognition. Special emphasis is given to feature selection, feature reduction, classifier design and multi-modal fusion to improve performance of emotion-classifiers.Written by several experts, the book includes several tools and techniques, including dynamic Bayesian networks, neural nets, hidden Markov model, rough sets, type-2 fuzzy sets, support vector machines and their applications in emotion recognition by different modalities. The book ends with a discussion on emotion recognition in automotive fields to determine stress and anger of the drivers, responsible for degradation of their performance and driving-ability.There is an increasing demand of emotion recognition in diverse fields, including psycho-therapy, bio-medicine and security in government, public and private agencies. The importance of emotion recognition has been given priority by industries including Hewlett Packard in the design and development of the next generation human-computer interface (HCI) systems.Emotion Recognition: A Pattern Analysis Approach would be of great interest to researchers, graduate students and practitioners, as the book Offers both foundations and advances on emotion recognition in a single volume Provides a thorough and insightful introduction to the subject by utilizing computational tools of diverse domains Inspires young researchers to prepare themselves for their own research Demonstrates direction of future research through new technologies, such as Microsoft Kinect, EEG systems etc.

Considerable research outcomes on stock index time-series prediction using classical (type-1) fuzzy sets are available in the literature. However, type-1 fuzzy sets cannot fully capture the uncertainty involved in prediction because of its limited representation capability. This paper fills the void. Here, we propose four chronologically improved methods of time-series prediction using interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The first method is concerned with prediction of the (main factor) variation time-series using interval type-2 fuzzy reasoning. The second method considers secondary factor variation as an additional condition in the antecedent of the rules used for prediction. Another important aspect of the first and the second methods is non-uniform partitioning of the dynamic range of the time-series using evolutionary algorithm, so as to ensure that each partition includes at least one data point. The third method considers uniform partitioning without imposing any restriction on the number of data points in a partition. The partitions are here modeled by type-1 fuzzy sets, if there exists a single block of contiguous data, and by interval type-2 fuzzy sets, if there exists two or more blocks of contiguous data in a partition. The fourth method keeps provision for tuning of membership functions using recent data from the given time-series to influence the prediction results with the current trends. Experiments undertaken confirm that the fourth technique outperforms the first three techniques and also the existing techniques with respect to root-mean-square error metric.

The paper proposes a novel approach toward EEG-driven position control of a robot arm by utilizing motor imagery, P300 and error-related potentials (ErRP) to align the robot arm with desired target position. In the proposed scheme, the users generate motor imagery signals to control the motion of the robot arm. The P300 waveforms are detected when the user intends to stop the motion of the robot on reaching the goal position. The error potentials are employed as feedback response by the user. On detection of error the control system performs the necessary corrections on the robot arm. Here, an AdaBoost-Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used to decode the 4-class motor imagery and an SVM is used to decode the presence of P300 and ErRP waveforms. The average steady-state error, peak overshoot and settling time obtained for our proposed approach is 0.045, 2.8 % and 44 s, respectively, and the average rate of reaching the target is 95 %. The results obtained for the proposed control scheme make it suitable for designs of prosthetics in rehabilitative applications.

The paper incorporates new extensional strategies into the traditional multi-objective optimization algorithms to proficiently obtain the Pareto-optimal solutions in the presence of noise in the fitness landscapes. The first strategy, referred to as adaptive selection of sample size, is employed to assess the trade-off between accuracy in fitness estimation and the associated run-time complexity. The second strategy is concerned with determining statistical expectation of fitness samples, instead of their conventional averaging, as the fitness measure of the trial solutions. The third strategy aims at improving Goldberg’s approach to examine possible accommodation of a seemingly inferior solution in the optimal Pareto front using a more statistically viable comparator. The traditional Non-dominated Sorting Bee Colony algorithm has been ameliorated by extending its selection step with the proposed strategies. Experiments undertaken to study the performance of the proposed algorithm reveal that the extended algorithm outperforms its contenders with respect to four performance metrics, when examined on a test suite of 23 standard benchmarks with additive noise of three statistical distributions.