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The introduction of 3D printing technology has revolutionised the manufacturing and electronic product design in the past few years, where it is used to even produce printed circuit boards. Printed electronics is one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing technologies and is becoming invaluable to various industries. The evolution of several contact and non-contact types of fabrication techniques have been reported in the recent past. Leveraging these technologies, various types of printed electronic components have been realized. One method is inkjet printing technology, which has been widely accepted for printed electronics manufacturing. As 3D printing uses only those materials which are essential to create the product, it eliminates waste production, with a smaller equipment cost and minimizes the number of process steps, resulting in lower manufacturing costs with reduced turnaround time. Various kinds of conductive and non-conductive materials have emerged in the recent past in conjunction with many manufacturing techniques for printed electronics. Herein, we review the most commonly used substrates, electronic printing materials, and the widespread printing techniques employed at the industrial level, giving an overall vision for a better understanding and evaluation of their different features. The technical challenges of several contact and non-contact techniques with corresponding solutions are also presented. Finally, status on advances in the production of various kinds of materials employed in 3D printed electronics and the methods for producing them, shortcomings, technical challenges, applications, benefits, and the future opportunities pertaining to printed electronics are discussed in detail.

Due to the growing popularity of wearable electronics, flexible memory devices are in great demand. The manufacturing method, materials synthesis, and device structure are key obstacles realize the deployable flexible memory devices. Herein, a single-step process of new and highly conductive porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been examined which offers higher electrical conductivity, porous structure and flexibility. Also, surface morphology, crystallinity, functional groups in LIG, and oxygen vacancies in MnO 2 nanoparticles have been comprehensively studied for memristor. The, I on / I off ratio of LIG and LIG/MnO 2 was 9.15 and 6.8, respectively. The drop casting of MnO 2 nanoparticles on LIG increases conductivity with oxygen vacancies, improving memristor behaviour of limited I on / I off ratio. The LIG fluid-based memristor with MnO 2 as a metal liquid has outstanding resistance switching capabilities. Moreover, the LIG has showed remarkable performance both substrate and active material for memristor in flexible, wearable, and fluid-based electronics applications. Graphical abstract

Highlights We report an ambient single-step laser-driven process that simultaneously synthesizes and integrates prelithiated silicon nanoparticles into a robust graphene matrix using simple precursors. Prelithiation is achieved in situ through interfacial solid-state reactions between Si and common lithium salt precursors during the ultrafast photothermal graphitization of phenolic resin. Prelithiated silicon nanoparticles/laser-induced graphene anodes exhibit exceptional cycling stability (> 98% capacity retention after 2000 cycles) and near-zero performance decay in Li-ion half and full cells compared to non-lithiated counterparts. Silicon-based anodes offer a promising alternative to graphite in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to significantly higher energy density. However, their practical application is limited by substantial volume expansion during lithiation, which causes structural instability and continuous formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), drastically reducing initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and capacity retention. Strategies such as silicon nanostructuring and integration with conductive carbon matrices help accommodate volume changes and improve conductivity but fall short in fully addressing lithium loss and long-term capacity fade. Prelithiation can mitigate these issues by compensating for lithium loss and stabilizing the SEI. However, conventional prelithiation methods are complex, air-sensitive, multi-step, and ex situ, often requiring reactive lithium metal or exotic lithium salt precursors. In response, this study introduces a laser-driven, solid-state, ambient, in situ prelithiation method performed concurrently with the synthesis of silicon-graphene pseudo-monolithic composite anodes. A ternary blend of phenolic resin, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), and common lithium salts, subjected to rapid, low-power laser irradiation, produces a self-standing, air-stable, prelithiated composite, where the resulting porous and conductive matrix encapsulates the SiNPs, while the unique laser-induced environment triggers in situ reactions that prelithiate the silicon surface and form stable covalent interfaces. The resulting lithiated anodes reveal remarkable features, delivering over 1700 mAh g −1 with negligible capacity decay (< 2%) over 2000 + cycles at 5 A g −1 , 83% retention after 4500 cycles, and ICE above 97% versus non-lithiated counterparts. The anodes also display ultrafast charging capabilities, retaining up to 63% of their maximum capacity at 10 A g −1 . This innovation not only advances the development of next-generation LIBs, but also establishes a framework for converting readily available and cost-effective precursor materials into high-performing electrodes, promising to reduce complexity and costs in battery manufacturing.

Recent technological advancements, such as portable electronics and electric vehicles, have created a pressing need for more efficient energy storage solutions. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been the preferred choice for these applications, with graphite being the standard anode material due to its stability. However, graphite falls short of meeting the growing demand for higher energy density, possessing a theoretical capacity that lags behind. To address this, researchers are actively seeking alternative materials to replace graphite in commercial batteries. One promising avenue involves lithium‐alloying materials like silicon and phosphorus, which offer high theoretical capacities. Carbon–silicon composites have emerged as a viable option, showing improved capacity and performance over traditional graphite or pure silicon anodes. Yet, the existing methods for synthesizing these composites remain complex, energy‐intensive, and costly, preventing widespread adoption. A groundbreaking approach is presented here: the use of a laser writing strategy to rapidly transform common organic carbon precursors and silicon blends into efficient “graphenic silicon” composite thin films. These films exhibit exceptional structural and energy storage properties. The resulting three‐dimensional porous composite anodes showcase impressive attributes, including ultrahigh silicon content, remarkable cyclic stability (over 4500 cycles with ∼40% retention), rapid charging rates (up to 10 A g−1), substantial areal capacity (>5.1 mAh cm−2), and excellent gravimetric capacity (>2400 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1). This strategy marks a significant step toward the scalable production of high‐performance LIB materials. Leveraging widely available, cost‐effective precursors, the laser‐printed “graphenic silicon” composites demonstrate unparalleled performance, potentially streamlining anode production while maintaining exceptional capabilities. This innovation not only paves the way for advanced LIBs but also sets a precedent for transforming various materials into high‐performing electrodes, promising reduced complexity and cost in battery production. Recent technological advances, including portable electronics and electric vehicles, have spurred a demand for more efficient energy storage solutions. While lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with graphite anodes have been standard, they fall short of meeting rising energy density needs, motivating researchers to explore alternatives, such as lithium‐alloying materials like silicon and phosphorus. Herein, a groundbreaking laser‐writing‐based strategy is introduced, transforming organic carbon and silicon blends into “graphenic silicon” composite films with exceptional energy storage properties. This scalable approach offers high performance, potentially revolutionizing electrode production for LIBs.

Sulfur has recently emerged as a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, offering high theoretical capacity and low cost. Its abundant availability and environmentally friendly nature make it an attractive alternative to conventional cathode materials. However, challenges such as sulfur's intrinsically low electrical conductivity and rapid degradation during cycling still need to be overcome for its widespread adoption in commercial batteries. This study presents an innovative, scalable and straightforward strategy to overcome these challenges of sulfur cathodes in lithium battery applications. Here, we present a novel method, using low-power laser irradiation to fabricate three-dimensional highly micro-porous molecularly dispersed and strongly anchored sulfur-graphene composite electrodes. By subjecting sulfur-embedded carbon precursors to laser irradiation, a well-structured graphene composite is formed, while molecularly-entrapping the sulfur moieties within its framework. This 3D porous architecture provides high surface area for improved electrolyte wetting, efficient ion transport, and effectively accommodates volume changes during cycling while strongly entrapping the active sulfur moieties and remarkably inhibiting the occurrence of the detrimental polysulfide shuttle effect. The resulting sulfur-graphene cathodes exhibit exceptional electrochemical properties. They demonstrate remarkable cyclic stability, sustaining over 1500 cycles with impressive capacity retention of >70% at fast cycling rates, and registering over 1000 mAh g-1 at lower rates with >70% retention over 400 cycles. Furthermore, high sulfur loading ratios, compatible to real world battery applications, are readily attainable. The simplicity and versatility of this laser-based writing single-step approach open various new avenues for the scalable and cost-effective production of high-performance lithium-ion batteries. This development brings us closer to realizing efficient energy storage solutions for various applications, from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid storage systems.