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The Fourier harmonics,$$v_2$$v 2 and$$v_3$$v 3 of negative pions are measured at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of$$\\sqrt{s_{\\textrm{NN}}}$$s NN = 17.3 GeV around midrapidity by the CERES/NA45 experiment at the CERN SPS in 0–30% central PbAu collisions with a mean centrality of 5.5%. The analysis is performed in two centrality bins as a function of the transverse momentum$$\\mathrm {p_{\\textrm{T}}}$$p T from 0.05 GeV/ c to more than 2 GeV/ c . This is the first measurement of the$$v^{1/3}_{3}/v^{1/2}_{2}$$v 3 1 / 3 / v 2 1 / 2 ratio as a function of transverse momentum at SPS energies, that reveals, independently of the hydrodynamic models, hydrodynamic behavior of the formed system. For$$\\mathrm {p_{\\textrm{T}}}$$p T above 0.5 GeV/ c , the ratio is nearly flat in accordance with the hydrodynamic prediction and as previously observed by the ATLAS and ALICE experiments at the much higher LHC energies. The results are also compared with the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid model predictions, as well as with the SMASH model applied alone.

The Fourier harmonics, v 2 and v 3 of negative pions are measured at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of s NN = 17.3 GeV around midrapidity by the CERES/NA45 experiment at the CERN SPS in 0–30% central PbAu collisions with a mean centrality of 5.5%. The analysis is performed in two centrality bins as a function of the transverse momentum p T from 0.05 GeV/ c to more than 2 GeV/ c . This is the first measurement of the v 3 1 / 3 / v 2 1 / 2 ratio as a function of transverse momentum at SPS energies, that reveals, independently of the hydrodynamic models, hydrodynamic behavior of the formed system. For p T above 0.5 GeV/ c , the ratio is nearly flat in accordance with the hydrodynamic prediction and as previously observed by the ATLAS and ALICE experiments at the much higher LHC energies. The results are also compared with the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid model predictions, as well as with the SMASH model applied alone.

Abstract The Fourier harmonics,$$v_2$$v 2 and$$v_3$$v 3 of negative pions are measured at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of$$\\sqrt{s_{\\textrm{NN}}}$$s NN = 17.3 GeV around midrapidity by the CERES/NA45 experiment at the CERN SPS in 0–30% central PbAu collisions with a mean centrality of 5.5%. The analysis is performed in two centrality bins as a function of the transverse momentum$$\\mathrm {p_{\\textrm{T}}}$$p T from 0.05 GeV/c to more than 2 GeV/c. This is the first measurement of the$$v^{1/3}_{3}/v^{1/2}_{2}$$v 3 1 / 3 / v 2 1 / 2 ratio as a function of transverse momentum at SPS energies, that reveals, independently of the hydrodynamic models, hydrodynamic behavior of the formed system. For$$\\mathrm {p_{\\textrm{T}}}$$p T above 0.5 GeV/c, the ratio is nearly flat in accordance with the hydrodynamic prediction and as previously observed by the ATLAS and ALICE experiments at the much higher LHC energies. The results are also compared with the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid model predictions, as well as with the SMASH model applied alone.

The huge amount of resources available in the Grids, and the necessity to have the most up-to-date experimental software deployed in all the sites within a few hours, have driven the need for an automatic installation system for the LHC experiments. In this work we describe the ATLAS system for the experiment software installation in LCG/EGEE, based on the Light Job Submission Framework for Installation (LJSFi), an independent job submission framework for generic submission and job tracking in EGEE. LJSFi is able to automatically discover, check, install, test and tag the full set of resources made available in LCG/EGEE to the ATLAS Virtual Organization in a few hours, depending on the site availability.

The Fourier harmonics, \\(v_2\\) and \\(v_3\\) of negative pions are measured at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of \\(s_NN\\)= 17.3 GeV around midrapidity by the CERES/NA45 experiment at the CERN SPS in 0--30\\% central PbAu collisions with a mean centrality of 5.5\\%. The analysis is performed in two centrality bins as a function of the transverse momentum \\(p_T\\) from 0.05 GeV/\\(c\\) to more than 2 GeV/\\(c\\). This is the first measurement of the \\(v^1/3_3/v^1/2_2\\) ratio as a function of transverse momentum at SPS energies, that reveals, independently of the hydrodynamic models, hydrodynamic behavior of the formed system. For \\(p_T\\) above 0.5 GeV/\\(c\\), the ratio is nearly flat in accordance with the hydrodynamic prediction and as previously observed by the ATLAS and ALICE experiments at the much higher LHC energies. The results are also compared with the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid model predictions, as well as with the SMASH model applied alone.

Differential elliptic flow spectra v2(pT) of \\pi-, K0short, p, \\Lambda have been measured at \\sqrt(s NN)= 17.3 GeV around midrapidity by the CERN-CERES/NA45 experiment in mid-central Pb+Au collisions (10% of \\sigma(geo)). The pT range extends from about 0.1 GeV/c (0.55 GeV/c for \\Lambda) to more than 2 GeV/c. Protons below 0.4 GeV/c are directly identified by dE/dx. At higher pT, proton elliptic flow v2(pT) is derived as a constituent, besides \\pi+ and K+, of the elliptic flow of positive pion candidates. The retrieval requires additional inputs: (i) of the particle composition, and (ii) of v2(pT) of positive pions. For (i), particle ratios obtained by NA49 were adapted to CERES conditions; for (ii), the measured v2(pT) of negative pions is substituted, assuming \\pi+ and \\pi- elliptic flow magnitudes to be sufficiently close. The v2(pT) spectra are compared to ideal-hydrodynamics calculations. In synopsis of the series \\pi- - K0short - p - \\Lambda, flow magnitudes are seen to fall with decreasing pT progressively even below hydro calculations with early kinetic freeze-out (Tf= 160 MeV) leaving not much time for hadronic evolution. The proton v2(pT) data show a downward swing towards low pT with excursions into negative v2 values. The pion-flow isospin asymmetry observed recently by STAR at RHIC, invalidating in principle our working assumption, is found in its impact on proton flow bracketed from above by the direct proton flow data, and not to alter any of our conclusions. Results are discussed in perspective of recent viscous dynamics studies which focus on late hadronic stages.

In 2022, government spending on SNAP totaled $119.4 billion, assisting 41.2 million Americans each month (more than 40% of whom were children).? Because the harms of food insecurity have devastating lifelong effects, prevention must remain a central goal of public health. [...]SNAP participants purchase and consume healthier foods immediately after receiving monthly benefits than later in the same cycle, indicating that increased frequency and value of benefits could improve diet quality more ethically and efficiently than item restrictions.13 Supporters of adding diet quality as a core objective and restricting purchases in SNAP may also suggest that the lack of nutritional standards in the program causes obesity disparities among children and adults. [...]SNAP reduces medical spending and increases health care access. Adults with very low food security are more than 40% as likely as others to develop hypertension, coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular diseases.18 SNAP reduces the risk of very low food security by roughly 20% and is one of the only safeguards against poverty in the United States; only approximately 4% of SNAP households without children and 10% of SNAP households with children receive cash welfare benefits from the government.19 By successfully improving food security, the structure of SNAP buffers against the harmful effects of poverty and hunger on health.17 Proponents of restrictions argue that SNAP should be modeled after WIC to improve population health.

Objective To quantify the association between attributional ambiguity–the uncertainty of whether an experience is discrimination–and mental health. Methods Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults recruited through an online survey by Ipsos (April 23 and May 3, 2021), attributional ambiguity was quantified by asking participants if they experienced anything in the past 6 months that they were unsure was discrimination. The survey also assessed the degree to which these experiences caused participants to feel bothered and to ruminate on them. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze associations between attributional ambiguity and depressive symptoms and mental health status. Results Black and Hispanic participants reported higher rates of attributional ambiguity than White participants. Experiencing attributional ambiguity was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and poorer self-reported mental health status. Among those who reported attributional ambiguity, increases in bother and rumination scores were positively associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion Attributional ambiguity is an important yet overlooked social determinant of mental health. More research is needed to fully understand the impact of this stressor on population health, particularly among minoritized populations.

Racism perpetuates the unequal distribution of power, resources, and privilege within and between societies to the detriment of marginalized groups. Racialization involves categorizing people based on traits to which socially constructed meaning and value have been ascribed. In public health, this process can manifest when tracking racial health disparities in children, which requires aggregating parent-reported race and ethnicity data into federally recognized categories. The demographic surveys used to characterize children's identity in the United States mirror those administered in adults and typically follow federal race and ethnicity data standards, which include ambiguous response options (eg, other race), \"select all that apply\" directives, and open-ended fields followed by a request specification, with limited guidance for coding and interpretation. These methodological challenges could contribute to nonrandom data missingness and misclassification bias and must be resolved to better harmonize historic data, especially given recent revisions to the country's federal race and ethnicity data standards. We aimed to explore the prevalence of systematic bias within past, current, and recently revised federal race and ethnicity data standards in the United States and develop a standardized method for improving the reporting of child race and ethnicity in public health research, policy, and practice. We developed a replicable decision-making process to uncover racial heterogeneity obscured by key components of US federal race and ethnicity data standards (open-ended and ambiguous response fields). We applied it to a pooled sample of 8 community-based child health studies with 8087 participants and examined changes in the dataset's racial and ethnic diversity. Overall, 93.11% (7530/8087) of parents provided child race and ethnicity data, with 3.73% (281/7530) identified as other race and 9.72% (732/7530) identified as multiracial. In total, 101 distinct open-ended written responses (eg, \"Haitian\") were provided. The replicable decision-making process resulted in 4.02% (303/7530) of children being reallocated from their parent-reported race or ethnicity category, of whom 38.6% (117/303) were moved into the Black category based on written responses. Within the multiracial group, we identified 22 unique combinations, including White-Hispanic (269/732, 36.7%) and White-Black (169/732, 23.08%). These findings demonstrate how the current paradigm of assessing race and ethnicity in the United States may contribute to the erasure and further marginalization of individuals disproportionately enduring the effects of racism. While updated federal race and ethnicity data standards may soon take effect, persistent gaps in demographic and health surveillance will remain. Our data reallocation decision-making process offers a novel and practical framework for harmonizing race and ethnicity data across time, populations, and datasets, emphasizing the relevance and longevity of preexisting datasets and tools. Efforts to build equitable public health surveillance and data systems should expand the survey response options, avoid aggregating diverse populations, and develop new statistical techniques for data analysis.

Importance Childhood obesity is a major public health issue and is disproportionately prevalent among children from minority racial and ethnic groups. Personally mediated racism (commonly referred to as racial discrimination) is a known stressor that has been linked to higher body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) in adults, but little is known about the association of racial discrimination and childhood and adolescent adiposity. Objective To assess the prospective association between self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and adiposity (BMI and waist circumference) in a large sample of children and adolescents in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used complete data from the ABCD study (2017 to 2019), involving a total of 6463 participants. The ABCD study recruited a diverse sample of youths from across the US, with rural, urban, and mountain regions. Data were analyzed from January 12 to May 17, 2023. Exposure The child-reported Perceived Discrimination Scale was used to quantify racial discrimination, reflecting participants’ perceptions of being treated unfairly by others or unaccepted by society based on their race or ethnicity. Main Outcomes and Measures Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured by trained research assistants. BMIzscores were computed by applying the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s age and sex-specific reference standards for children and adolescents. Waist circumference (inches) was quantified as the mean of 3 consecutive measures. Measurements were taken from time 1 (ie, 2017 to 2019) and time 2 (ie, 2018 to 2020). Results Of the 6463 respondents with complete data, 3090 (47.8%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 9.95 (0.62) years. Greater racial discrimination exposure at time 1 was associated with higher BMIz score in both unadjusted (β, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.08) and adjusted regression models (β, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.08). Discrimination at time 1 was associated with higher waist circumference in unadjusted (β, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15-0.54) and adjusted (β, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.04-0.44) models. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of children and adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with adiposity, quantified by BMIz score and waist circumference. Interventions to reduce exposure to racial discrimination in early life may help reduce the risk of excess weight gain across throughout life.