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This article concerns the compliance of the institutions of remote trials and remote detention hearings introduced to the CCP by the Polish ‘coronavirus act’ of 19 June 2020 with the ECHR standard on the rights of the accused. In the first part of the article, it is indicated that the ECtHR in its jurisprudence accepts that a trial in the form of a videoconference is not in principle contrary to the ECHR, provided, however, that there are compelling reasons to dispense with the traditional trial (main or appellate) and that the procedure of using a videoconference itself meets the requirements of a fair trial according to Article 6 ECHR and ensures the accused both effective personal participation in the trial and effective use of the services of a defence counsel, in particular the confidentiality of the lawyer’s contact with their client. The Covid-19 outbreak has changed European justice systems, and now videoconferencing in court proceedings is seen not only as an exceptional measure, but as possibly an effective part of the ordinary activity of courts. The analysis of the assumptions of remote trials in ordinary Polish criminal proceedings shows that this institution does not meet the standards of a fair trial, especially the standard of the effective participation of the defence counsel. In contrast, compared to a remote trial, a remote detention hearing in Poland has a wider scope of application and poses serious risks to the standards on deprivation of liberty (Article 5(3) and Article 3 ECHR) and effective defence (Article 6(3) ECHR). The possibility of using both forms of videoconferencing without the participation of a defence counsel and the permanent nature of the changes introduced are particularly worrying.

This article concerns the compliance of the institutions of remote trials and remote detention hearings introduced to the CCP by the Polish ‘coronavirus act’ of 19 June 2020 with the ECHR standard on the rights of the accused. In the first part of the article, it is indicated that the ECtHR in its jurisprudence accepts that a trial in the form of a videoconference is not in principle contrary to the ECHR, provided, however, that there are compelling reasons to dispense with the traditional trial (main or appellate) and that the procedure of using a videoconference itself meets the requirements of a fair trial according to Article 6 ECHR and ensures the accused both effective personal participation in the trial and effective use of the services of a defence counsel, in particular the confidentiality of the lawyer’s contact with their client. The Covid-19 outbreak has changed European justice systems, and now videoconferencing in court proceedings is seen not only as an exceptional measure, but as possibly an effective part of the ordinary activity of courts. The analysis of the assumptions of remote trials in ordinary Polish criminal proceedings shows that this institution does not meet the standards of a fair trial, especially the standard of the effective participation of the defence counsel. In contrast, compared to a remote trial, a remote detention hearing in Poland has a wider scope of application and poses serious risks to the standards on deprivation of liberty (Article 5(3) and Article 3 ECHR) and effective defence (Article 6(3) ECHR). The possibility of using both forms of videoconferencing without the participation of a defence counsel and the permanent nature of the changes introduced are particularly worrying.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a cluster of various vascular disorders with different pathological backgrounds. The advanced vasculature net of cerebral vessels, including small arteries, capillaries, arterioles and venules, is usually affected. Processes of oxidation underlie the pathology of CSVD, promoting the degenerative status of the epithelial layer. There are several classifications of cerebral small vessel diseases; some of them include diseases such as Binswanger’s disease, leukoaraiosis, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and lacunar strokes. This paper presents the characteristics of CSVD and the impact of the current knowledge of this topic on the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

Metformin (MET), 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, is a biguanide drug used as the first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The recent years have brought many observations showing metformin in its new role. The drug, commonly used in the therapy of diabetes, may also find application in the therapy of a vast variety of tumors. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, melanoma, lung and endometrial carcinoma, as well as in gliomas. This is especially important in light of the poor options offered to patients in the case of high-grade gliomas, which include glioblastoma (GBM). A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action of metformin can make it possible to discover new drugs that could be used in neoplasm therapy.

Various unmanned aerial vechicle (UAV) applications, especially those based on reconnaissance and observation missions, often require an unlimited time of flight. This is possible only when a UAV is continuously supplied with power from a ground-based power source, which is why tethered UAV systems were developed. Tethered UAV systems are based on multicopters, which can hover above a landing pad or track its position if it is movable. The presented research concerned the development of a large C3 class hexacopter with a maximal payload of about 1 kg and a takeoff mass of 16 kg, which was tested in maritime conditions during a ferry’s cruise. The main purpose of the hexacopter was to continuously observe the area ahead of the vessel to detect and localize obstacles in the water. During the experimental tests, critical phases of flight were identified, the AC/DC power supply unit and power cord unwinder were tested, and the power required by six brushless direct current (BLDC) motors was registered. The obtained results could be useful in future work on tethered UAV systems applied in windy maritime conditions.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are a real social problem, with an upward trend worldwide. The most frequent consequence of a traumatic brain injury is extra-axial hemorrhage, i.e., an acute subdural (SDH) and epidural hematoma (EDH). Most of the factors affecting the prognosis have been analyzed on a wide group of traumatic brain injuries. Nonetheless, there are few studies analyzing factors influencing the prognosis regarding patients undergoing surgery due to acute subdural and epidural hematoma. The aim of this study was to identify the factors which have the strongest prognostic value in relation to the 6-month outcome of the patients undergoing surgery for SDH and EDH. Patients and methods: The study included a group of 128 patients with isolated craniocerebral injuries. Twenty eight patients were operated upon due to EDH, and a group of 100 patients were operated upon due to SDH. The following factors from the groups were analyzed: demographic data, physiological factors, laboratory factors, computed tomography scan characteristics, and time between the trauma and the surgery. All of these factors were correlated in a multivariate analysis with the six-month outcome in the Glasgow outcome scale. Results: The factors with the strongest prognostic value are GCS score, respiration rate, saturation, glycaemia and systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Initial GCS score, respiratory rate, saturation, glycaemia and systolic blood pressure were the factors with the strongest prognostic value.

Giant cell tumour (GCT) is a benign aggressive tumour, which affects the axial and peripheral skeleton. Pathological fractures often occur in cases where epiphyses are affected. GCT located in the cervical spine is rare and poses a serious surgical challenge and as far as approach and range of operation is concerned, is subject of debate. We report a case of GCT involving two vertebral bodies, C2 and C3, treated with posterior occipito-cervical junction stabilization, denosumab chemotherapy and transoral corpectomy.

We report here on a novel and facile techniques for the synthesis nanocomposite based on stable bimetallic catalyst containing iridium and gold nanoparticles electrodeposited on chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheet admixed with platinum nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst to facilitate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic medium. Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) methods were employed to characterize the rGO, Au-NPS-rGO, Ir-NPS-rGO, Au-Ir-rGO nanocomposites formed on the electrode surface. Here we present a comparative study into the relative effects of each hybrid nanocomposites: Au-NPS-rGO, Ir-NPS-rGO, Au-Ir-rGO nanocomposites on the performance of platinum nanoparticles towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic media. For the purposes of comparing the supports, a simple platinum black catalyst is used and the performance isevaluated via direct measurement of peroxide by rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) to determine the number of electrons (n) transferred in the ORR. It was found that platinum nanoparticles dispersed within Au-Ir-rGO support follows a quasi 4-electron mechanism (3.99-4 electrons involved) due to that the ORR takes place mainly on the active Pt particles, and produced hydrogen peroxide is reduced at Au-Ir-rGO support.