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Hybrid infrared (IR) focal plane arrays consist of an array of IR photo-detectors, bump-bonded to a silicon CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) chip. Design and optimisation of ROIC for quantum dot IR detectors is a multidimensional problem. The major design challenge is to select appropriate readout circuit topology to meet the large dynamic range requirement of quantum dot IR photo-detectors within the area dictated by the matched pixel size. Proposed is an efficient design optimisation for ROIC. The optimisation is based on a proposed decision matrix, which leads to a decision merit for ROIC design. Four main specifications, i.e. charge handling capacity, noise, power dissipation and detector bias voltage variations, have been considered. Various architectures have been compared using circuit design, simulation and implementation. The targeted ROIC specifications for a test chip containing a 4 × 4 array are: 5 Mē charge handling capacity, 30 × 30 µm maximum pixel size, snapshot mode of operation, variable integration time, 5 megapixels/s (Mpps) readout rate and readout noise of 600ē at ambient temperature. Also presented is a design with 5 Mē charge handling capacity, which has not been reported for 180 nm CMOS process earlier.

At present, the cost-effective synthesis and stability are major concerns for perovskite halide, which are high-efficient light absorbing solar cell materials. In this work, the cesium lead halides CsPbX3 (where, X = I and Br) were synthesized by simple but unique cold sintering method. The structural (XRD and Raman), microstructural (SEM), electronic (XPS) and optical studies (UV–Visible spectra) revealed that the samples synthesized are in the single phase with Pnma symmetry. The thermal stability of the samples synthesized was explored by estimating ΔG and ΔS. A negligible change in crystal structure and band gap of the samples is observed after 100 days of synthesis showing the stability of samples in the ambient condition. Along with structure–property correlation, the thermo-optical correlation for halide materials has also been established. A comparative of the band gap (on the basis of synthesis technique) suggests the samples synthesised by cold sintering are at par with other synthesis technique.

Perovskite, ABX3, materials are usually synthesized in inert atmosphere. Their properties are severely affected by the humidity and temperature of the surroundings which is very far from real-life applications. Hence, in the present work, bulk systems of CH3NH3PbI3 and CsPbI3 processed at ambient temperature and pressure have been investigated for their thermodynamics parameters, structural, optical and electronic features. Simultaneously, an attempt has been made to understand the role of methylammonium ion (CH3NH3+) in lead halide perovskite.