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   Background Fibromyalgia syndrome is a widespread chronic pain condition identified by body-wide pain, fatigue, cognitive fogginess, and sleep issues. In the past decade, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has emerged as a potential management tool.. In the present study, we enquired whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could modify pain, corticomotor excitability, cognition, and sleep. Methods Study is a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial; wherein after randomizing thirty-four fibromyalgia patients into active or sham therapy ( n  = 17 each), each participant received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy. In active therapy was given at 1 Hz for 20 sessions were delivered on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (1200 pulses, 150 pulses per train for 8 trains); while in sham therapy coil was placed at right angle to the scalp with same frequency. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify the therapeutic site. Pain intensity, corticomotor excitability, cognition, and sleep were examined before and after therapy. Results Baseline demographic and clinical parameters for both active and sham groups were comparable. In comparison to sham, active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation showed significant difference in pain intensity ( P  < 0.001, effect size = 0.29, large effect) after intervention. Other parameters of pain perception, cognition, and sleep quality also showed a significant improvement after the therapy in active therapy group only, as compared to sham. Conclusions Findings suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention is effective in managing pain alongside cognition and sleep disturbances in patients of fibromyalgia. It may prove to be an important tool in relieving fibromyalgia-associated morbidity.

In Alzheimer’s like dementia, neurodegeneration and synaptic dysfunction is known to the critical player in explaining the cognitive impairment. Adult neurogenesis, normally a chronic and quite process is explained to have potential in the field of Alzheimer’s therapy. Previous research on the non-invasive brain stimulation showed that controlling pattern of stimulation externally we can regulate/ entrain neuronal activity, possibly altering the structural changes in the circuit level. However, literature investigating if non-invasive brain stimulation could hold any potential to initiate process of adult neurogenesis are scarce. In the present study, with the use of behavioural, microscopic and biochemical tools we found that extremely low frequency magnetic field at an intensity of 17.96µT with sinusoidal wave of 50Hz for 2hr daily for a period of two week in streptozotocin induced animal model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease can cause improvement in spatial and reference memory, influencing their swimming strategy in water maze. Which is caused by stimulation in immature neural pluripotent stem cells, with additional redox balance and mitigation of glial aggravation in brain areas like olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These changes were accompanied by neuroprotection as observed in the granular layer of dentate gyrus. Taken together, present study explains plausible mechanism of action on protection of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease through non-invasive brain stimulation. Graphical illustration representing external magnetic field causing cognitive improvement eliciting adult neurogenesis in animal model of Alzheimer’s disease

An essential task in the wood-based sector is the identification, management, and monitoring of thermally treated wood. Establishing a rapid and precise inspection model and procedure is essential for this purpose. To achieve this, Principal Component Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) were employed to categorize wooden specimens of Populus deltoides subjected to hydrothermal treatment at temperatures of 125 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C, with varying durations of 20 and 40 min. SIMCA calibration models were developed using 70% of the specimens for each treatment type, while the remaining 30% served as a classification test set. The results revealed that SIMCA successfully identified hydrothermal treatment wood specimen with temperatures of 175 °C and 200 °C, as well as the control, for both time (20 and 40 min) durations. However, accurate classification for the hydrothermal temperature of 125 °C was not achieved. In combined SIMCA model exhibited difficulty in distinguishing between the different time durations. Findings of this primarily study suggest the need for a more in-depth study to fully grasp the procedure and facilitate the effective transfer of technology from laboratory settings to industrial applications.

The study characterized the temporal and spatial variability in greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O) between December 2020 and November 2021 and their regulating drivers in the subtropical wetland of the Indian Himalayan foothill. Five distinct habitats (M1—sloppy surface at swamp forest, M2—plain surface at swamp forest, M3—swamp surface with small grasses, M4—marshy land with dense macrophytes, and M5—marshy land with sparse macrophytes) were studied. We conducted in situ measurements of GHG fluxes, microclimate (AT, ST, and SMC (v/v) ), and soil properties (pH, EC, N, P, K, and SOC) in triplicates in all the habitat types. Across the habitats, CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes ranged from 125 to 536 mg m −2  h −1 , 0.32 to 28.4 mg m −2  h −1 , and 0.16 to 3.14 mg m −2  h −1 , respectively. The habitats (M3 and M5) exhibited higher GHG fluxes than the others. The CH 4 flux followed the summer > autumn > spring > winter hierarchy. However, CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes followed the summer > spring > autumn > winter. CO 2 fluxes were primarily governed by ST and SOC. However, CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were mainly regulated by ST and SMC (v/v) across the habitats. In the case of N 2 O fluxes, soil P and EC also played a crucial role across the habitats. AT was a universal driver controlling all GHG fluxes across the habitats. The results emphasize that long-term GHG flux monitoring in sub-tropical Himalayan Wetlands has become imperative to accurately predict the near-future GHG fluxes and their changing nature with the ongoing climate change.

Future wireless devices are required to ensure pervasive wireless communication and quick proliferation of the virtual reality, medical imaging, and IoT infrastructure, which incorporates new and promising technologies. To promote the growth and embrace of this era of technological advancement, effective mm-wave transceiver hardware is necessary. LNA is one of the modules that has a direct impact on the performance of a transceiver. Numerous methodologies have been proposed in LNA design due to fundamental building blocks of the receiver chain, such as differential cascode, folded cascode, transformer feedback, input balun, current reuse, and gm boosting to streamline parameters such as wafer area, gain, noise figure, linearity, and power efficiency. This review investigates CMOS LNA technologies and circuit topologies for mm-wave applications. Furthermore, numerous cutting-edge LNA design aspects are compared to help foresee future CMOS LNA design approaches. This review will provide a comparative analysis and reference for future LNA for 5G and beyond networks.

The designed circuit features a dual-stage Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) in which, a common source (CS) configuration is employed to achieve high gain, while the subsequent stage adopts a Complementary Common Gate (CCG) setup provide the low power consumption. This arrangement ensures that both transistors share the same biasing current, promoting energy efficiency. The two stages are interconnected in a cascade configuration, amplifying the overall gain and concurrently mitigating noise. To facilitate wideband matching in the input stage, a parallel RC feedback mechanism is implemented. Additionally, a pair of mutually coupled inductors in the CS and CCG stages contribute to rendering the input impedance exclusively resistive, concurrently minimizing the overall size of the circuit. All simulations were done using 65 nm CMOS technology in Cadence Virtuoso. The proposed LNA showcases a Noise Figure (NF) of 3.2 dB, a Peak Power Gain ( ) of 19.8 dB, and an input reflection coefficient ( ) of –16.2 dB, spanning a bandwidth of 3.1-6.2 GHz. Operating on a 1V power supply, the proposed LNA demonstrates power efficiency by consuming only 2.8 mW. The overall performance assessment of the LNA is gauged using the Figure of Merit, yielding an obtained value of 18.2. Comparative analysis with other cutting-edge designs is presented in Table 1.

Interleave division multiple access (IDMA), which is based on interleaving sequences, may be regarded as code domain non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and may confront numerous challenges in supporting big diverse data traffic and a high number of users. Further, full duplex wireless communication can support double of the data rate in comparison to half duplex network. However, the throughput can be limited due to self-interference (SI). To overcome such interference and other environmental hazards, a newly proposed technique i.e., intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) in which several reflecting elements are mounted on the single surface can be utilized to design the wireless environment, resulting in improved performance through constructive reflections. In this article, the amalgamated system i.e. intelligent reflecting surface assisted full duplex IDMA communication system has been proposed to incorporate all the advantages of NOMA, IDMA and IRS. To validate the performance of the proposed system, the outage probability in full duplex mode is examined. All the simulations have been carried out in MALAB to calculate the outage and error probability.

This manuscript presents a design of a differentiator in the digital domain with its low noise realization. It manifests the minimization of the L -error objective function by using a hybrid optimization technique consisting of the particle swarm and simulated annealing optimization algorithm. The obtained magnitude response provides a noteworthy approximation of the ideal differentiator with a minimal magnitude inaccuracy when compared with the existing designs. The realization structures are also investigated and compared in terms of the noise gain behavior.

The designs of first- and second-order digital low-pass filters with infinite impulse response (IIR) are presented in this letter, utilizing a meta-heuristic optimization technique. Firstly, the analog transfer functions of the first and second- order filters are considered, followed by the application of an 1-norm-based multi-verse optimization algorithm to directly emulate their magnitude-frequency response in the digital domain. The obtained magnitude-frequency response shows superior matching with the analog counterpart for different cut-off frequencies of the first- and second-order filters, as well as varying quality factors for the second-order filter. In comparison to the filter’s magnitude-frequency response obtained through traditional bilinear transform and advanced operators, the proposed technique accurately manifests the analog magnitude-frequency response in the digital domain.

In This paper, the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes are compared with the multiple orthogonal access (OMA) schemes on the basis of the resource allocation validity of uplinks. By reflecting the involvement of a measure of each user’s data on the system’s total amount, we analyze the main reasons why NOMA provides justice service distribution over OMA on unequal channels. Moreover, the Jain index is observed and proposed to quantify the irregularity of numerous user channels, according to the metric for the Jain index based on the Jain index. More importantly, the proposed metric establishes the criteria for choosing between NOMA and OMA to share resources correctly. Based on this debate, we offer a program that combines NOMA and OMA to increase user integrity. Imitation effects substantiate the exactness of the proposed matrix and display improvement of the accuracy of the showcased NOMA-OMA mixture system as compared to standard OMA as well as NOMA systems.