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This survey paper focuses on one of the current primary issues challenging data mining researchers experimenting on real‐world datasets. The problem is that of imbalanced class distribution that generates a bias toward the majority class due to insufficient training samples from the minority class. The current machine learning and deep learning algorithms are trained on datasets that are insufficiently represented in certain categories. On the other hand, some other classes have surplus samples due to the ready availability of data from these categories. Conventional solutions suggest undersampling of the majority class and/or oversampling of the minority class for balancing the class distribution prior to the learning phase. Though this problem of uneven class distribution is, by and large, ignored by researchers focusing on the learning technology, a need has now arisen for incorporating balance correction and data pruning procedures within the learning process itself. This paper surveys a plethora of conventional and recent techniques that address this issue through intelligent representations of samples from the majority and minority classes, that are given as input to the learning module. The application of nature‐inspired evolutionary algorithms to intelligent sampling is examined, and so are hybrid sampling strategies that select and retain the difficult‐to‐learn samples and discard the easy‐to‐learn samples. The findings by various researchers are summarized to a logical end, and various possibilities and challenges for future directions in research are outlined. This paper surveys recent sampling techniques addressing the class‐imbalance issue. The application of nature‐inspired evolutionary optimization techniques to intelligent sampling is examined and so are hybrid sampling strategies that select and retain the difficult‐to‐learn samples and discard the easy‐to‐learn samples. The findings by various researchers are summarized to a logical end, and various possibilities for the future are outlined.

Energy plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, and India’s energy consumption has increased notably due to its growing population and development. At present, fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas fulfill the majority of India’s energy requirements, but their swift depletion and negative environmental effects present significant challenges. India’s abundant solar energy potential—estimated at approximately 5000 trillion kWh annually—positions the nation to harness clean and sustainable power. With steady growth, solar energy has become a key component of India’s power grid. However, integrating renewable energy into the grid presents challenges, such as maintaining frequency and voltage stability. This report analyzes India’s substantial advancements in solar energy, emphasizing the enabling government policies and the problems associated with integrating renewable energy into the grid. The study underscores the crucial need for effective load frequency control (LFC) solutions to mitigate grid stability issues, intensified by the fluctuating and intermittent characteristics of solar energy. It also evaluates policy-driven approaches and technological advancements, providing practical recommendations to overcome integration challenges. This research aims to contribute to the effective deployment of solar energy in India’s energy mix, ensuring long-term grid stability and sustainability, and it underscores that India’s creative strategies can serve as a model for other nations facing analogous issues in renewable energy integration. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing optimal practices that integrate energy security, economic development, and environmental objectives, thus contributing to global dialogs on energy transitions.

Significance: The ability to perform frequent non-invasive monitoring of glucose in the bloodstream is very applicable for diabetic patients. Aim: We experimentally verified a non-invasive multimode fiber-based technique for sensing glucose concentration in the bloodstream by extracting and analyzing the collected speckle patterns. Approach: The proposed sensor consists of a laser source, digital camera, computer, multimode fiber, and alternating current (AC) generated magnetic field source. The experiments were performed using a covered (with cladding and jacket) and uncovered (without cladding and jacket) multimode fiber touching the skin under a magnetic field and without it. The subject’s finger was placed on a fiber to detect the glucose concentration. The method tracks variations in the speckle patterns due to light interaction with the bloodstream affected by blood glucose. Results: The uncovered fiber placed above the finger under the AC magnetic field (150 G) at 140 Hz was found to have a lock-in amplification role, improving the glucose detection precision. The application of the machine learning algorithms in preprocessed speckle pattern data increase glucose measurement accuracy. Classification of the speckle patterns for uncovered fiber under the AC magnetic field allowed for detection of the blood glucose with high accuracy for all tested subjects compared with other tested configurations. Conclusions: The proposed technique was theoretically analyzed and experimentally validated in this work. The results were verified by the traditional finger-prick method, which was also used for classification as a conventional reference marker of blood glucose levels. The main goal of the proposed technique was to develop a non-invasive, low-cost blood glucose sensor for easy use by humans.

Double-junction tandem solar cells (TSCs), featuring a wide-bandgap top cell (TC) and narrow-bandgap bottom cell (BC), outperform single-junction photovoltaics, demanding meticulous subcell selection and optimization. Lead-free double perovskites offer sustainable photovoltaic solutions and are less toxic with enhanced stability, versatile compositions, and favorable optoelectronic characteristics. This study investigates the design and performance of a lead-free all-double-perovskite tandem solar cell (DPTSC), utilizing Cs2AgBiBr6 (CABB) with a bandgap of 2.05 eV and Cs4CuSb2Cl12 (CCSC) with a bandgap 1.6 eV as absorbers in the TC and BC, respectively. The TC and BC were individually simulated and calibrated against experimental data, forming the basis for tandem device design and optimization. Series and shunt resistance, along with temperature effects on their performance, were examined. Meticulous adjustment of absorber thicknesses achieved optimal current matching between subcells. This fine-tuning closely matches TC current under AM 1.5G spectrum with BC current under a filtered spectrum. At optimal current matching (absorber thickness: 0.365 µm for the TC and 1.4 µm for BC), the DPTSC exhibits impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 28.08% (with Voc=2.47 V, Jsc=12.78mA/cm2, FF = 88.95%). The external quantum efficiency (EQE), Mott–Schottky and carrier generation/recombination profiles under current matching conditions have also been acquired to provide comprehensive device design insights. The designed TSC shows improved stability against temperature variations. These findings highlight the potential for lead-free and stable double perovskites to serve as subcell absorbers, enabling highly efficient, commercially viable, nontoxic, and eco-friendly tandem photovoltaic technologies. This work contributes valuable insights for advancing TSC technology, supported by comparisons with existing simulated and experimental data.

Currently, the majority of the country has moved to renewable energy sources for electricity generation, and power companies are concentrating their efforts on renewable resources. Solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass are examples of renewable resources; of these, due to a lack of non-renewable resources, the solar industry is expanding. All year long, solar electricity is available, and it creates a calm, quiet atmosphere. The majority of large and small companies, as well as individual consumers, have shifted to PV solar cells for electricity generation. A trustworthy and precise simulation design of a photovoltaic system prior to installation is required to predict a photovoltaic system’s performance. The current research aims to build models for solar PV systems with one, two, and three diodes and determine which model is most appropriate for each environmental circumstance to forecast performance accurately. By contrasting the experimental data of solar panel with simulated results of single-, double-, and triple-diode models, this study examines the accuracy of each model. These models’ comparative performance study has been done using the MATLAB/Simulink, taking into account the influence of changing model parameters and the performance of the models under varying climatic circumstances. These models, despite their simplicity, are quite sensitive and react to even a little change in temperature and irradiance. Under conditions of low solar irradiance or shading conditions, three-diode photovoltaic models are shown to be more accurate. We can forecast the power output of solar photovoltaic systems under changeable input circumstances by understanding the I-V curves with the help of the performance assessment of the models used in this work.

This work focuses on designing novel perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by working on the stability issues, the presence of lead in the PSC's structure, and its innately low efficiency. This work aims to overcome lead-based PSCs' shortcomings by optimizing various parameters of the double perovskite absorber layer and hole transport layer (HTL). The double perovskite Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 material has been utilized as an absorber. The device performances are investigated with Spiro OMeTAD ( S . O . ) , Cu 2 O , MASnBr 3 , P 3 HT , Ni 1 - x O , and Cu-doped Ni 1 - x O as HTLs and Mg-doped ZnO ( Zn x Mg 1 - x O ) as electron transport layer (ETL). Cu-doped Ni 1 - x O significantly boosts the performance of lead-free double perovskite-based solar cells. The device shows maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.06%, Open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 1.68 V, Short-circuit current density ( J sc ) of 14.81 mA / cm 2 , and Fill-factor (FF) of 80.54%. Also, the effect of changing series resistance, shunt resistance, and temperature on the optimized device has been investigated. The optimized device shows more immunity and stability against temperature variations. These results can be utilized for designing high-performance, eco-friendly perovskite solar cells in the future. This study suggests that Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 and some other double perovskites can be utilized as an important absorber toward the stable and efficient lead-free and inorganic PSCs for future eco-friendly technologies.

Oral cancer etiology is complex and controlled by multi-factorial events including genetic events. Candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and next-generation sequencing identified various chromosomal loci to be associated with oral cancer. There is no available review that could give us the comprehensive picture of genetic loci identified to be associated with oral cancer by candidate gene studies–based, genome-wide association studies–based, and next-generation sequencing–based approaches. A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database to identify the loci associated with oral cancer by exclusive candidate gene studies–based, genome-wide association studies–based, and next-generation sequencing–based study approaches. The information of loci associated with oral cancer is made online through the resource “ORNATE.” Next, screening of the loci validated by candidate gene studies and next-generation sequencing approach or by two independent studies within candidate gene studies or next-generation sequencing approaches were performed. A total of 264 loci were identified to be associated with oral cancer by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and next-generation sequencing approaches. In total, 28 loci, that is, 14q32.33 (AKT1), 5q22.2 (APC), 11q22.3 (ATM), 2q33.1 (CASP8), 11q13.3 (CCND1), 16q22.1 (CDH1), 9p21.3 (CDKN2A), 1q31.1 (COX-2), 7p11.2 (EGFR), 22q13.2 (EP300), 4q35.2 (FAT1), 4q31.3 (FBXW7), 4p16.3 (FGFR3), 1p13.3 (GSTM1-GSTT1), 11q13.2 (GSTP1), 11p15.5 (H-RAS), 3p25.3 (hOGG1), 1q32.1 (IL-10), 4q13.3 (IL-8), 12p12.1 (KRAS), 12q15 (MDM2), 12q13.12 (MLL2), 9q34.3 (NOTCH1), 17p13.1 (p53), 3q26.32 (PIK3CA), 10q23.31 (PTEN), 13q14.2 (RB1), and 5q14.2 (XRCC4), were validated to be associated with oral cancer. “ORNATE” gives a snapshot of genetic loci associated with oral cancer. All 28 loci were validated to be linked to oral cancer for which further fine-mapping followed by gene-by-gene and gene–environment interaction studies is needed to confirm their involvement in modifying oral cancer.

This study introduces the design and optimization of a perovskite-–perovskite tandem solar cell (PPTSC) composed of all perovskite absorber materials. The optimization process involved individual tuning of top and bottom perovskite solar cells, comprising MAPbI 3 and FASnI 3 , respectively. Various material properties, including thickness, electrical characteristics, and recombination mechanisms such as radiative recombination, Auger electron, Auger hole, and band-to-band recombination, have been systematically tuned. After optimizing each subcell independently, the standalone subcells have been then integrated into PPTSC. The optimum PPTSC thickness has been determined by achieving a matching current for each subcell. By changing each subcell's thickness, a current matching J sc of 13.4 mA/cm 2 has been achieved with a 135 nm top subcell thickness and a bottom subcell thickness of 400 nm. Under these conditions of current matching, the designed device indicated that the tandem cell would exhibit a notably enhanced voltage in the open circuit ( V oc ) of 3.080 V. Consequently, this configuration would result in an impressive efficiency of 38.5%, surpassing the individual efficiencies of each subcell.

Conventional lead halide Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) have toxicity and stability issues. Therefore it is crucial to look for lead-free inorganic perovskite material, such as La 2 NiMnO 6 , RbGeI 3 , CsGeI 3 , Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 and others. There has been much work in the area of PSC using Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 as an absorber, However, due to some critical issues of Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 , such as the film's broad bandgap which limits its capacity to absorb light, leading to corresponding PSC being typically restricted to around 4% efficiency. In this work, a lead-free PSC with Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 as the absorber has been engineered to resolve the issues by considering the experimental works in the literature to increase efficiency to 6.3% from a maximum 4.48% as reported in the literature. The output response of both design approaches, as well as the potentiality of future designs, are investigated in terms of output parameters, i.e., Open-Circuit Voltage (V OC ), Short-circuit Current density (J SC ), Fill Factor (FF), and Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). Besides, this work also focuses on eliminating Sulphur from ETLs by working on several sulphides and oxide-based Electron Transport Layers (ETLs). Several solar cell device structures have been analyzed for their numerical simulation with sulphide ETLs such as ZnS, WS 2 , CdS, CdZnS and oxide ETLs such as TiO 2 , ZnO, WO 3 , IGZO. To progress towards eco-friendly PSCs, alternatives to sulphide, several transparent oxide alternatives (TiO 2 , ZnO, WO 3 , IGZO) have been considered as ETLs. These ETLs have been further doped with Mg to enhance the performance parameters. Mg-doped based ETLs additionally behaving as Hole-blocking layers (HBLs) in corresponding PSCs leads to comparatively significantly better performance in a number of aspects, including V OC (1.21 V), PCE (5.74%), J SC , and FF. The solar cell design has been optimized for high performance through various techniques such as varying ETL and absorber thickness, interface defects variation, series/shunt resistance, band to band recombination, and bandgap grading through doping. Also an effective electric field (E eff ) that depicts the conduction's impact has been calculated. Best performing device among different designs among PSCs with sulphide and oxide-based ETLs has been ZnS/Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 /Cu 2 O (PCE-6.3%) and Mg-doped (20%) ZnO/Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 /Cu 2 O (PCE-5.74%). These results may help researchers in their efforts to find the best-suited materials for the design of high-performance PSCs in the future.

The present work deals with the coating of mild steel using plasma spray coating technique to improve surface properties for various industrial applications. Three different composite coating powders namely Al 2 O 3 :TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 :TiO 2 : CNT and Al 2 O 3 : CNT were coated on the surface of mild steel for a thickness of 0.25 mm. Subsequently, the coated samples were tested for their mechanical characteristics namely tensile, compression and hardness followed by tribological investigations primarily comprising of wear analysis. Further, metallurgical analysis engrossing the Scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis were carried out to assess the homogeneity, spread uniformity and bond integrity of the developed samples. The test results revealed that the performance measure of Al 2 O 3 :TiO 2 : CNT is way ahead than other two powder coatings while carbon nanotube majorly contributes to the strength and quality of the surface coating.