Explore the vast range of titles available.

Cancer is a problematic global health issue with an extremely high fatality rate throughout the world. The application of various machine learning techniques that have appeared in the field of cancer diagnosis in recent years has provided meaningful insights into efficient and precise treatment decision-making. Due to rapid advancements in sequencing technologies, the detection of cancer based on gene expression data has improved over the years. Different types of cancer affect different parts of the body in different ways. Cancer that affects the mouth, lip, and upper throat is known as oral cancer, which is the sixth most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. India, Bangladesh, China, the United States, and Pakistan are the top five countries with the highest rates of oral cavity disease and lip cancer. The major causes of oral cancer are excessive use of tobacco and cigarette smoking. Many people’s lives can be saved if oral cancer (OC) can be detected early. Early identification and diagnosis could assist doctors in providing better patient care and effective treatment. OC screening may advance with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. AI can provide assistance to the oncology sector by accurately analyzing a large dataset from several imaging modalities. This review deals with the implementation of AI during the early stages of cancer for the proper detection and treatment of OC. Furthermore, performance evaluations of several DL and ML models have been carried out to show that the DL model can overcome the difficult challenges associated with early cancerous lesions in the mouth. For this review, we have followed the rules recommended for the extension of scoping reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA-ScR). Examining the reference lists for the chosen articles helped us gather more details on the subject. Additionally, we discussed AI’s drawbacks and its potential use in research on oral cancer. There are methods for reducing risk factors, such as reducing the use of tobacco and alcohol, as well as immunization against HPV infection to avoid oral cancer, or to lessen the burden of the disease. Additionally, officious methods for preventing oral diseases include training programs for doctors and patients as well as facilitating early diagnosis via screening high-risk populations for the disease.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based genome editing (GED) technologies have unlocked exciting possibilities for understanding genes and improving medical treatments. On the other hand, Artificial intelligence (AI) helps genome editing achieve more precision, efficiency, and affordability in tackling various diseases, like Sickle cell anemia or Thalassemia. AI models have been in use for designing guide RNAs (gRNAs) for CRISPR-Cas systems. Tools like DeepCRISPR, CRISTA, and DeepHF have the capability to predict optimal guide RNAs (gRNAs) for a specified target sequence. These predictions take into account multiple factors, including genomic context, Cas protein type, desired mutation type, on-target/off-target scores, potential off-target sites, and the potential impacts of genome editing on gene function and cell phenotype. These models aid in optimizing different genome editing technologies, such as base, prime, and epigenome editing, which are advanced techniques to introduce precise and programmable changes to DNA sequences without relying on the homology-directed repair pathway or donor DNA templates. Furthermore, AI, in collaboration with genome editing and precision medicine, enables personalized treatments based on genetic profiles. AI analyzes patients’ genomic data to identify mutations, variations, and biomarkers associated with different diseases like Cancer, Diabetes, Alzheimer’s, etc. However, several challenges persist, including high costs, off-target editing, suitable delivery methods for CRISPR cargoes, improving editing efficiency, and ensuring safety in clinical applications. This review explores AI’s contribution to improving CRISPR-based genome editing technologies and addresses existing challenges. It also discusses potential areas for future research in AI-driven CRISPR-based genome editing technologies. The integration of AI and genome editing opens up new possibilities for genetics, biomedicine, and healthcare, with significant implications for human health.

Immunotherapy has ushered in a new era of cancer treatment, yet cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality. Among various therapeutic strategies, cancer vaccines have shown promise by activating the immune system to specifically target cancer cells. While current cancer vaccines are primarily prophylactic, advancements in targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and neoantigens have paved the way for therapeutic vaccines. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cancer vaccine development is revolutionizing the field by enhancing various aspect of design and delivery. This review explores how AI facilitates precise epitope design, optimizes mRNA and DNA vaccine instructions, and enables personalized vaccine strategies by predicting patient responses. By utilizing AI technologies, researchers can navigate complex biological datasets and uncover novel therapeutic targets, thereby improving the precision and efficacy of cancer vaccines. Despite the promise of AI-powered cancer vaccines, significant challenges remain, such as tumor heterogeneity and genetic variability, which can limit the effectiveness of neoantigen prediction. Moreover, ethical and regulatory concerns surrounding data privacy and algorithmic bias must be addressed to ensure responsible AI deployment. The future of cancer vaccine development lies in the seamless integration of AI to create personalized immunotherapies that offer targeted and effective cancer treatments. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in overcoming these challenges and advancing cancer vaccine development.

Background The Indian Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched in 2014 with the goal to make India open defecation (OD) free by October 2019. Although it is known that the ambitious goal was not achieved, the nature of the sanitation change brought about by the SBM in different parts of India is poorly understood. One reason is a dearth of case studies that would shed light on the performance of the SBM simultaneously across its different domains. This article provides an example of such study. Employing a Process, Outcomes, Context approach, the objective is to understand the process and outcomes of the SBM-induced sanitation change in a specific context of rural Jharkhand. Methods The study utilizes data collected through field research conducted in the rural areas of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, a state in east-central India. This data was obtained via repeated cross-sectional household surveys conducted at the beginning and at the end of the SBM, supplemented by key informant interviews with SBM stakeholders. Findings We identified political support of SBM implementation and its acceptance amongst the population. Female community workers became key agents of SBM implementation at local level. The SBM increased toilet coverage in the study area from 15% to 85% and lowered the OD rate from 93% to 26%. It substantially reduced structural inequalities in access to toilets, furthered social sanitation norms, improved some of the attitudes towards toilet use, but impacted less on hygiene and sanitation knowledge. The implementation mainly concentrated on the construction of subsidized toilets but less on improving public understanding of safe sanitation practices. Conclusions Although the SBM reduced sanitation inequalities in access to toilets in the study area, the behaviour change component was underplayed, focusing more on spreading normative sanitation messages and less on public education. Sustainability of the observed sanitation change remains a key question for the future. This article calls for more systematic production of geographically situated knowledge on the performance of sanitation interventions.

Scurrula neoraindica L.J. Singh,, V. Ranjan, Anant Kumar ＆ G. Krishna (Loranthaceae) is described and illustrated from Neora Valley National Park of West Bengal, India as a new species along with an inventory of host species and conservation status. The new species closely resembles S. parasitica L. and S. paramjitii L.J. Singh of the sub-tribe Scurrulinae of Loranthaceae. However, the new species is distinct in morphology of vegetative and reproductive characters from all previously known species. A detailed description, photographs, distribution, illustrations, comparative table of key characters and an identification key to Scurrula species of India are provided.

With the rapid expansion of robotic platforms in urology, there is an urgent and unmet need to review its cost and benefits in comparison to the traditional laparoscopy, especially in reference to a developing country. A nonsystematic review of the literature was conducted to compare the outcomes of pure laparoscopic and robot-assisted urologic procedures. Available literature over the past 30 years was reviewed. Robot-assisted surgery and laparoscopy were found to have similar outcomes in the areas of radical prostatectomy, partial and radical nephrectomy, radical cystectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node (LN) dissection, inguinal LN dissection, donor nephrectomy, and kidney transplantation. Robot-assisted surgery was found to be significantly costlier than pure laparoscopy. In the absence of a clear advantage of robot-assisted surgery over pure laparoscopy, lack of widespread availability and the currently prohibitive cost of robotic technology, laparoscopic urological surgery has a definite role in the developing world.

Hydropower generation of turbines located near geologically young mountain ranges like the Himalayas is challenged by incoming sediment particles. Pelton turbines installed at high heads are significantly affected by hydro-abrasive erosion due to high flow and erosion velocities. The injector of the Pelton turbine is one of the major components of the Pelton turbine affected by hydro-abrasive erosion. Improper installation or manufacturing defect leads to needle eccentricity causing an asymmetric erosion pattern of the injector, thereby reducing jet quality. Here, the effect of needle eccentricity on hydro-abrasive erosion of the injector is numerically investigated by tracking the sediment particles using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM). The intensity and asymmetricity in the erosion of the needle increases with an increase in needle eccentricity. Similar behaviour in the erosion of the needle is observed in reducing the nozzle opening of the eccentrically displaced needle. For a perfectly aligned needle, the average erosion rate in both the upper and lower half region of the needle was identical. However, with 8% of needle eccentricity, the average erosion rate in the upper half region of the needle i.e., towards the displaced side was 89% more compared with the lower half region of the needle. The study emphasises the necessity of inspecting the needle alignment, particularly post-maintenance to mitigate the detrimental effects of hydro-abrasive erosion on Pelton turbine performance.

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) commonly known as jangli babool or vilayati babool have several bioactive compounds of therapeutic needs. The presence of various bioactive compounds and markers specifically, quercetin and gallic acid in the methanolic extract of Prosopis juliflora (fruiting aerial part) denotes their valuable pharmacological activities. Therefore, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis with simultaneous quantification of quercetin and gallic acid was done for their phytochemical profiling.The phytochemical profiling and simultaneous quantification of quercetin and gallic acid of methanolic extract of Prosopis juliflora through CAMAG HPTLC analysis was determined and results were obtained in the form of chromatogram scanned at the wavelength 254nm and 366nm. Phytochemical profiling of the plant was presented in the tables showing the number of peaks, peak area, area percentage and Rf values. 14 compounds were present in sample 1 and 9 compounds were present in sample 2 denoted by the number of peaks as represented in chromatograms of test samples. Peak area and height were used to quantify quercetin and gallic acid. Quercetin was found to be 1.364% in sample 1 and 0.27% in Sample 2 while gallic acid was 0.088% in sample 1 only. Importance of this research is to rationalize the therapeutic properties of Prosopis juliflora in the indian traditional medicinal system and phytochemical profiling and simultaneous quantification of quercetin and gallic acid reveals that Prosopis juliflora have several bioactive compounds and this might be accountable for their future application in the field of pharmacognostic and pharmacological drug discovery.

Isodon neorensis, a new species from Eastern Himalaya of India has been described and illustrated here based on its morphology. A weak, short lived herbaceous species was collected from Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling, India. Inflorescence, dark red colour flower, calyx without septate-villose hairs at base, stamens glabrous at base, and not exserted filaments are some important diagnostic features besides substantial morphological differences with allied species. The identification key to Indian Eastern Himalayan species of Isodon, distribution map, photo plate, illustration is also provided.

Penile fracture with an associated urethral injury is a rare urological emergency resulting from trauma to the erect penis during vigorous sexual intercourse. The patient often presents with swelling of the penis, discoloration of the penile skin, localized pain, and hematuria with a typical history of sudden detumescence during intercourse. Subcoronal penile degloving incision has been conventionally described and is frequently used by many clinicians for the management of penile fracture-urethral injury. Here, we describe a case of complex penile fracture managed through the vertical penoscrotal incision. The penoscrotal approach confers excellent exposure to both the ruptured corpus cavernosum and urethra. This approach ensures successful outcomes in such an emergency procedure without having disadvantages of the degloving incision.