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Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial to various facets of human immunity and function through direct cytotoxicity or via orchestration of the broader immune response. NK cells exist across a wide range of functional and phenotypic identities. Murine and human studies have revealed that NK cells possess substantial plasticity and can alter their function and phenotype in response to external signals. NK cells also play a critical role in tumor immunity and form the basis for many emerging immunotherapeutic approaches. NK cells can directly target and lyse malignant cells with their inherent cytotoxic capabilities. In addition to direct targeting of malignant cells, certain subsets of NK cells can mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) which is integral to some forms of immune checkpoint-blockade immunotherapy. Another important feature of various NK cell subsets is to co-ordinate anti-tumor immune responses by recruiting adaptive and innate leukocytes. However, given the diverse range of NK cell identities it is unsurprising that both pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral NK cell subsets have been described. Here, NK cell subsets have been shown to promote angiogenesis, drive inflammation and immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment. To date, the signals that drive tumor-infiltrating NK cells towards the acquisition of a pro- or anti-tumoral function are poorly understood. The notion of tumor microenvironment-driven NK cell plasticity has substantial implications for the development of NK-based immunotherapeutics. This review will highlight the current knowledge of NK cell plasticity pertaining to the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this review will pose critical and relevant questions that need to be addressed by the field in coming years.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx and is linked to exposure to classical carcinogens and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Due to molecular, immunological, and clinical disparities between HPV+ and HPV-HNSCC, they are recognized as distinct cancer types. While immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has demonstrated efficacy in recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, response variability persists irrespective of HPV status. To gain insights into the CD8+ T-cell landscape of HPV-HNSCC, we performed multimodal sequencing (RNA and TCR) of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from treatment-naïve HPV-HNSCC patients. Additionally, we subjected cells to ex vivo TCR-stimulation, facilitating the tracing of clonal transcriptomic responses. Our analysis revealed a subset of CD8+ TILs highly enriched for interferon-stimulated genes (ISG), which were found to be clonally related to a subset of granzyme K (GZMK)-expressing cells. Trajectory inference suggests ISG transition via GZMK cells towards terminal effector states. However, unlike GZMK cells, which rapidly an effector-like phenotype in response to TCR stimulation, ISG cells remain transcriptionally inert. Consequently, ISG cells may impede effective T-cell differentiation within the TME. Although, the functional consequences of ISG cells are poorly understood, we revealed that they possess receptors and ligands enabling cell-cell communication networks with key TME immunomodulators such as dendritic cells. Additionally, ISG cells were found to be a core feature across various tumor entities and were specifically enriched within tumor tissue. Thus, our findings illuminate the complexity of T-cell heterogeneity in HPV-HNSCC and reveal an overlooked population of IFN-stimulated CD8+ TILs. Further exploration of their functional significance may offer insights into therapeutic strategies for HPV-HNSCC and other cancer types.

Hyperspectral microscopy in biology and minerals, unsupervised deep learning neural network denoising SRS photos: hyperspectral resolution enhancement and denoising one hyperspectral picture is enough to teach unsupervised method. An intuitive chemical species map for a lithium ore sample is produced using k-means clustering. Many researchers are now interested in biosignals. Uncertainty limits the algorithms’ capacity to evaluate these signals for further information. Even while AI systems can answer puzzles, they remain limited. Deep learning is used when machine learning is inefficient. Supervised learning needs a lot of data. Deep learning is vital in modern AI. Supervised learning requires a large labeled dataset. The selection of parameters prevents over- or underfitting. Unsupervised learning is used to overcome the challenges outlined above (performed by the clustering algorithm). To accomplish this, two processing processes were used: (1) utilizing nonlinear deep learning networks to turn data into a latent feature space (Z). The Kullback–Leibler divergence is used to test the objective function convergence. This article explores a novel research on hyperspectral microscopic picture using deep learning and effective unsupervised learning.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) constructed using natural dyes possess irreplaceable advantages in energy applications. The main reasons are its performance, environmentally benign dyes, impressible performance in low light, ecologically friendly energy production, and versatile solar product integration. Though DSSCs using natural dyes as sensitizers have many advantages, they suffer from poor efficiency compared to conventional silicon solar cells. Moreover, the difficulty in converting them to practical devices for the day-to-day energy needs has to be addressed. This review will outline the optimization of conditions to be followed for better efficiency in DSSCs using natural dyes as sensitizers. This review has taken into account the importance of the first step towards the fabrication of DSSC, i.e. the selection process. The selection of plant parts has a noticeable impact on the overall efficiency of the device. Accordingly, a proper study has been done to analyse the plant’s parts that have shown better results in terms of device efficiency. In addition to this, a wide range of techniques and factors such as extraction methods, the solvent used, coating techniques, immersing time, and co-sensitization have been taken into consideration from the studies done over the period of 10 years to examine their influence on the overall performance of the DSSC device. These results have been addressed to stipulate the best suitable condition that will help supplement the efficiency of the device even further. Also, the future perspectives, such as the DSSCs use in wearable devices, incorporating various approaches to enhance the power conversion efficiency of DSSCs using natural dyes, and thermochromism ability for DSSCs have been discussed.

In the current research work, NiMo thin films were successfully co-deposited with W on the copper substrate (NiMoW) by varying the plating times like 30, 45, and 60 min at a constant current density (50 mA/cm 2 ). All the electroplated NiMoW thin films have been subjected to structural (SEM–EDS and XRD), mechanical (hardness, roughness, and corrosion), and magnetic (VSM) characterization analysis. The existence of a perfect nanocrystalline phase in the coated NiMoW thin films was found through XRD, and the average crystalline size varied from 33 to 37 nm. All the coated NiMoW thin films have a cubic (FCC) crystalline structure with an Fm -3 m (225) space group. The obtained SEM–EDS result discloses that the synthesized NiMoW thin films have uniform surface morphology with spherically shaped nanoclusters, and the film deposited at 60 min has the maximum nickel content as compared with coatings at 30 min which in turn enhance the corrosion resistance and magnetic nature of NiMoW coatings and also reveals the NiMoW thin films coated at 30 and 45 min have almost equal W and Mo content. The thickness of synthesized NiMoW thin films was found to be varied from 5 to 15 µm using Metallurgical Microscope (OIAL/MMN/MET/01). The coatings were found to be strongly adherent with a substrate (Cu) and the NiMoW coatings at 60 min exhibited the highest hardness value of 293 VHN. The electrochemical studies of NiMoW thin films explored that the coatings synthesized at 60 min exhibited the highest corrosion resistance value of 635.18 K Ω (low corrosion rate of 0.6861 mm/year). All the electroplated NiMoW coatings have an average roughness ( R a ) value of around 185 nm, and the roughness values were calculated using a profilometer. The magnetic investigation on NiMoW thin layers through VSM shows that the coatings at 60 min exhibited the nanocrystalline soft ferromagnetic nature with a lower coercivity of 106.94 Oe and saturation magnetization of 925.80 × 10 –6 emu. The analysis concluded that the NiMoW thin films coated at 60 min exhibited better mechanical and magnetic properties than coatings at 30 and 45 min of deposition time.

The corrosion resistance Cr3C2-25%NiCr and Ni-20%Cr coatings were deposited on the alloy A-286 by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coating, and the high-temperature corrosion features were evaluated at 700 and 850°C in Na2SO4-5%NaCl-7.5%NaVO3 atmosphere. Deposited coatings are dense and well-adherent to the substrate. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to analyze the structure of the corroded samples. Results showed that Cr3C2 -25%NiCr coating provides better resistance to corrosion at 700°C, which is attributed to the protective Cr2O3 development. The coated metal was exposed at 850°C, and a higher corrosion rate was observed compared to 700°C, indicating that the temperature influenced the oxidation rate. The coating failure (crack) was noticed on the Cr3C2-25%NiCr coated surface when exposed at 850°C, and no damages are in the Ni-20%Cr coating.

In the current study, bacteria from agricultural soil systems that have been polluted with pesticides were isolated, identified, and their ability to tolerate pesticides was examined. Target bacterial species were isolated from Psidium guajava (L) and Abelmoschus esculentus (L) cultivating an agriculture field. From 10 distinct soil samples collected from an agricultural field, 27 bacterial species were extracted, and the capacity of these microorganisms to withstand pesticides was examined. Only three bacterial species (PRB-S1P2, PRB-S1P3, and PRB-S6P1) are capable to grow on Nutrient agar medium with different concentration of pesticides dimethoate, Thiamethoxam and Imidacloprid. Apart from these three, one bacterial species were highly tolerant to all test pesticides. The highest pesticide tolerant bacteria are Pseudomonas nitroreducens was identified through 16s rRNA sequencing and the sequences were submitted to the NCBI with the accession No: ON624333.1. Hence, the bacteria can be subjected to further study of its use in the field of bioremediation.

Under-reporting of severe and serious Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFIs) from tertiary care teaching hospitals is a pressing issue in India. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a smartphone-based reporting intervention to enhance AEFI surveillance by treating doctors in four public teaching hospitals in Chennai, India. From August 2023 to March 2024, a digital intervention was implemented across four medical college hospitals involving pediatrics, community medicine, and pharmacology departments. The intervention included: [1] designation of nodal officers, [2] awareness and skill-building workshops for faculties and PG scholars, [3] deployment of a smartphone-based AEFI case notification application, and [4] visual job aids. Mobile app usage, Case Notification Form submissions, and national AEFI surveillance platform documentation were analyzed for feasibility using Terezi et.al 2022 framework with predefined progression criteria. A total of 179 doctors registered as notifiers; 27 unique notifiers submitted 56 pediatric serious and severe AEFI case notifications from November 2024 – March 2025. Post-notification, 2 cross-notified to other states and 1 discarded, led to 53 cases (100 %) that were successfully documented in the national Surveillance and Action for Events following vaccination (SAFE-VAC) portal with the case ID, case reporting, and investigation forms. All reporters are from the Pediatrics department. Most notifiers were postgraduate scholars, 23/27 (85 %). 16/56 (26 %), and 36/56 (64.2 %) CNFs reported on the same day and within four days of case identification, respectively. Key challenges included confusion on case notification form fields and incorrect documentation of vaccination site details, which were addressed through refresher training and individualized support. The smartphone-based notification system for serious and severe AEFI was feasible, acceptable, and can effectively complement the passive AEFI surveillance systems. Engaging teaching hospitals through digital tools and tailored support offers a scalable strategy to strengthen AEFI reporting in low-resource settings. •Smartphone application improved serious and severe AEFI notification from medical college hospitals.•Designating nodal officers and leveraging PG scholars for AEFI reporting helps embed surveillance and reporting culture.•The reporting from tertiary care hospitals complements the passive AEFI surveillance system.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation potential of the five basidiomycetes' fungal monocultures and their cocultures was compared with that of a Pseudomonas isolate recovered from oil-spilled soil. As utilization of hydrocarbons by the microorganisms is associated with biosurfactant production, the level of biosurfactant production and its composition by the selected microorganisms was also investigated. The Pseudomonas isolate showed higher ability to degrade three of the five PAHs but the isolate did not produce biosurfactant higher than C. versicolor and P. ostreatus. Among the PAHs, the most effective biodegradation of PAH--pyrene (42%)--was obtained with the fungus C. versicolor. Cocultures involving the fungi and Pseudomonas could not significantly degrade the selected PAHs compounds above that degraded by the most efficient monoculture. A slight increase in pyrene degradation was observed in cocultures of C. versicolor and F. palustris (93.7% pyrene). The crude biosurfactant was biochemically characterized as a multicomponent surfactant consisting of protein and polysaccharides. The PAH biodegradation potential of the basidiomycetes fungi positively correlated with their potential to express ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase (Lip), manganese peroxidase (Mnp), and laccase. The present study utilized in silico method such as protein-ligand docking using the FRED in Open Eye software as a tool to assess the level of ligninolytic enzymes and PAHs interactions. The in silico analysis using FRED revealed that of the five PAHs, maximum interaction occurred between pyrene and all the three ligninolytic enzymes. The results of the in silico analysis corroborated with our experimental results showing that pyrene was degraded to the maximum extent by species such as C. versicolor and P. ostreatus.

An electrical contractor is one which plays significant role in day todays life in industries as well as in home appliances. In current scenario the materials for conducting purpose has an overwhelming research capability. Now a day the silver based electrical contact composite material have provided the potential applications in aerospace and automobile industries. Among silver based contact material the silver cadmium oxide and silver tin oxide plays a vital role in fabrication of electrical contactors. In this research an attempt has been made to study the influence of adding Aluminum with silver based electrical contact composite materials by two different processing routes namely stir-casting and powder metallurgy. Silver and aluminum matrix plays a virtual role in composite world owing to their highest conductivity. Optimum parameters were identified for attaining the maximum properties such as conductivity, hardness, density, and porosity of composition. By this better conducting property and mechanical property of the electrical contact can be improved by this system. Thus a screening test has be conducted with addition of Al with silver tin oxide compositions hence this paper aims to process the aluminum - silver based electrical contact materials by stir casting processing and powder metallurgy route and compare the results obtained.