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From the past few decade, many manufacturing industries are using heat exchangers for reducing the energy consumption and hence reducing the fuel costs. Most widely used types of heat exchangers in industries are Double Pipe Heat Exchangers and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers. It is recently that industry people and researchers are becoming more aware of the advantage of using Spiral Heat Exchangers for heat transfer between two different fluids.A Spiral Heat Exchanger is formedby a coiled sheet arrangement with two channels coiled one around the other. The distance between the sheets is kept constant to maintain the area of cross section through out the spiral path of the channels. In this work, flow pattern and heat transfer in a Spiral Heat Exchanger are analyzed using a couterflow model geometry. The results obtained for the fluid flow and heat transfer gives an idea about how we can optimize the flow rate of the fluids thus increasing the efficiency of the heat exchanger.

Reports on surgical treatment for postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia after COVID vaccination have not been found in the literature. Here, we described a case of postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia after COVID vaccination that was treated with percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy (PRGR) resulting in complete pain relief. We reported a case involving a 70‐year‐old female who had herpes zoster infection in the ophthalmic branch (V1) dermatome following COVID vaccination and presented with paroxysmal electric shock‐like sensation without a trigger. Her pain was refractory to medical management. Her Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity score was IV. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was normal. PRGR was performed. The patient's pain decreased over the next 2 h, and she was pain‐free from post‐procedure Day 2 while taking carbamazepine 400 mg/day, which was tapered over 2 weeks. At her 3‐month follow‐up, the patient was reviewed and remained pain‐free. Percutaneous treatment of postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia may be considered the treatment of choice in vaccination‐induced postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia.

Background Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) has become a key specialty in contemporary criminal justice, driven by the application of science, legal criteria, and innovative technologies for analysing physical evidence and reconstructing crimes. 3D reconstruction technologies, such as laser scanning, photogrammetry, and virtual reality (VR), have become inseparable from forensics due to the increased precision and support for evidence preservation driven by recent advances. Based on the scoping review method by Arksey and O'Malley, as well as the Joanna Briggs Institute, this paper discusses the scope and implications of such technologies in the field of forensic science. Main Body Examining 34 studies published between January 1, 2008, and July 31, 2025, in 17 nations, the review concludes that 3D technologies have high precision and non-invasive documentation accuracy. These have helped enhance spatial analysis, court presentations, and training by employing immersive visualizations, particularly in bloodstain pattern analysis and injury confirmation. Its limitations, however, exist in the high costs, environmental constraints, complexities of data processing, and the absence of uniform protocol standards, which restrict scalability and the legality of admissibility. Conclusion 3D reconstruction technologies are valuable in enhancing and complementing forensic work, providing accurate, non-destructive, and immersive systems for analysing and displaying evidence. It will be essential to address the existing challenges with automation, cost-efficient implementations, and standardized procedures that ensure their practicality, dependability, and adoption in global forensic practice. Key points • The documentation of crime scenes is an area where technologies like laser scanning, photogrammetry, and VR/MR systems can be used to create detailed, accurate, and non-destructive documentation of the crime scene, thus contributing to enhanced evidence preservation and spatial awareness, as opposed to traditional 2D documentation. • Photogrammetry with micro-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle has been shown to have a high accuracy and low error rates, and it may suffer due to environmental conditions such as lighting and reflective surfaces. • These 3D reconstructions help understand complex crime dynamics, court presentations using immersive visualizations, and training, and have a variety of uses in bloodstain pattern analysis and injury verification.

Background Estimating the age of bloodstains is a prime aspect of forensic science for reconstructing the timeline of events at crime scenes. Surface material plays a crucial role in pointing out the approximate age of the bloodstains. This study investigates the morphological changes of bloodstains on tile and vinyl flooring over 120 h. Results Blood samples were drawn in EDTA tubes and were dropped from a height of 55 cm onto clean tile and vinyl surfaces using a micro-drip infusion set to ensure consistent droplet volume. Observations were made at specific time intervals: 5 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, using stereo microscopy and high-resolution imaging under LED lighting. Quantitative parameters, including contact angle, diameter, and red intensity, were measured to assess the aging process of the stains. The Mann–Whitney U test indicated significant differences between the two substrates. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the aging patterns of bloodstains differ significantly between tile and vinyl flooring, allowing estimation of bloodstain age with an accuracy of approximately ± 0.3 days over 5 days. These findings enhance the precision of bloodstain pattern analysis and offer practical tools for forensic investigations across various surface types.

Information technology acts an important role in gathering, transmitting with executing data from areas of disaster-prone such as the battlefield and international borders. In addition to the country's security, the soldier needs protection by defending himself with advanced weapons such as a bomb detector. This paper provides the capability to track the whereabouts and health of soldiers who have been lost or injured on the battlefield. It assists in reducing the time, searching and rescuing operation efforts of the military control room. This paper implements a system for health-condition monitoring that sends soldiers' health parameters, such as the electrocardiogram (ECG), blood oxygen level, pulse rate, and temperature, to the control room via a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Body parameters are sensed utilizing various body sensors fixed to the bodies of soldiers. The body parameters are broadcasted to the control room via MANET devices at the path. To preserve the health parameters data of soldiers from enemies while data transmission, this paper also proposes a cryptographic ensemble approach. This approach combines Symmetric Key Encryption, and Identity Based Encryption (IBE) with Identity Based Signature (IBS). The experimental result shows proposed cryptographic ensemble provides high security compared with existing MANET security algorithms.

Extreme weather conditions, which affect photovoltaic output power, can have a major impact on electricity generated by PV systems. In India, an annual PV power density of 2000kWh/m-2 may be used. Renewable energy (RE) is expected to play a rising part in the nations in coming years. The sun’s radiation is the primary source of renewable energy (RE). With the objective of predicting PV output power with the least amount of error in mind, it is vital to analyse the impact of major environmental parameters on it. The researchers looked at a variety of environmental factors in this study, including irradiance, humidity levels, meteorological conditions, wind velocity, PV global temperature and dust deposition. Countries such as India would gain immensely from this since it will increase the quantity of PV power generated in their national networks. ANN-based prediction models and multiple regression models were used to predict PV system hourly power output. There were three ANN models that predicted PV output power with RMSEs of 2.1436, 6.1555, and 5.3551, respectively, utilising all features using the correlation feature selection (CFS) or relief feature selection (ReliefF) approaches. It is possible to reduce bias to enhance accuracy by employing two distinct bias calculation methodologies, which were applied in this study. For example, the ANN model outperforms linear regression, M5P decision trees and GAUSSIAN process regression (GPR) models in terms of performance.

Background: In LMICs, the medication adherence and risk factor control are suboptimal in the post-stroke follow-up period. With shortage of physicians, smartphone-based interventions can help stroke survivors in secondary stroke prevention. Objectives: We aim to validate a digital innovative technology-based intervention to improve the awareness, medication adherence, control of risk factors through timely intervention of physician among the stroke survivors. Methods: MAMOR is a smartphone-based application to improve the stroke awareness by heath education materials, reminders to timely adherence of medication, alerts on control of risk factors, video files, and timely physician intervention. The study will involve development of the app using contextual research (Delphi qualitative method) followed by a randomized, single center, double arm-controlled trial with 1:1 assignment. The app will be evaluated over a period of 6 months with a target to enroll 192 participants. Process evaluation will be conducted. The sample size was calculated as 192, considering medication adherence of 43.8%, 20% increase in medication adherence by app, power of 80%, and 10% loss to follow-up. Results: The primary outcome will be medication adherence, changes in the lifestyle and behavioral and control of vascular risk factors. The secondary outcome will include vascular events and functional outcome. Conclusion: This study will be one among the few studies for secondary prevention of stroke through digital technology innovation in LMICs with resource constraints. The evidences generated from this study will provide translational evidence for other similar settings for stroke survivors.

Emerald coloured crystal of copper complex of barbituric acid (CuB) (C 8 H 10 CuN 4 O 9 ) is grown by conventional gel method. The crystal structure is orthorhombic with space group Fdd 2 and has unit cell dimensions a = 11.6951(7) Å, b = 30.1113(19) Å, c = 7.1767(7) Å and α = β = γ = 90°. Analysis of the crystal by Hall–Williomson plot revealed the strain free nature of the grown crystals. Identification of the functional groups by FTIR and the study of thermal behaviour of the crystal by TGA/DTA were done.The optical band gap is determined as 1.57 eV from UV–visible absorption studies. The photoluminescence study provides information about the structural quality and purity of the crystal. Antibacterial studies of the sample revealed its medicinal applications. The high hardness value of the crystal is identified by Vickers micro hardness test.

The technology of co-firing was used to study the combustion of groundnut shell and coal at three different ratio of biomass (10%, 20%, and 30% in weight) and combustion of miscanthus and coal at three different ratio of biomass(10%,20%,30%) using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). When compared to firing of coal, the co-firing of coal and biomass (groundnut shell, miscanthus) has shown a good combustion result. The ignition temperature (Ti) burnout temperature (Tf) is reduced in the co-combustion when compared to the combustion of coal alone. The best blend ratio of coal/groundnut shell is 80%/20%. The best blend ratio of coal/miscanthus is 70%/30%.

Nanofluids are emerging two-phase thermal fluids that play a vital part in heat exchangers owing to its heat transfer features. Ceramic nanoparticles aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) were produced by the sol-gel technique. Characterizations have been done through powder X-ray diffraction spectrum and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Subsequently, few volume concentrations (0.0125–0.1%) of hybrid Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 nanofluids were formulated via dispersing both ceramic nanoparticles considered at 50:50 ratio into base fluid combination of 60% distilled water (W) with 40% ethylene glycol (EG) using an ultrasonic-assisted two-step method. Thermal resistance besides heat transfer coefficient have been examined with cylindrical mesh heat pipe reveals that the rise of power input decreases the thermal resistance and inversely increases heat transfer coefficient about 5.54% and 43.16% respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed for the investigation of heat pipe experimental data. The significant factors on the various convective heat transfer mechanisms have been identified using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) tool. Finally, the empirical models were developed to forecast the heat transfer mechanisms by regression analysis and validated with experimental data which exposed the models have the best agreement with experimental results.