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This article examines the effects of entropy generation, heat transmission, and mass transfer on the flow of Jeffrey fluid under the influence of solar radiation in the presence of copper nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms, with polyvinyl alcohol–water serving as the base fluid. The impact of source terms such as Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the exponential heat source is analyzed via a nonlinear elongating surface of nonuniform thickness. The development of an efficient numerical model describing the flow and thermal characteristics of a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) installed on a solar plate is underway as the use of solar plates in various devices continues to increase. Governing PDEs are first converted into ODEs using a suitable similarity transformation. The resulting higher-order coupled ODEs are converted into a system of first-order ODEs and then solved using the RK 4th-order method with shooting technique. The remarkable impacts of pertinent parameters such as Deborah number, magnetic field parameter, electric field parameter, Grashof number, solutal Grashof number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, exponential heat source parameter, Lewis number, chemical reaction parameter, bioconvection Lewis number, and Peclet number associated with the flow properties are discussed graphically. The increase in the radiation parameter and volume fraction of the nanoparticles enhances the temperature profile. The Bejan number and entropy generation rate increase with the rise in diffusion parameter and bioconvection diffusion parameter. The novelty of the present work is analyzing the entropy generation and solar radiation effects in the presence of motile gyrotactic microorganisms and copper nanoparticles with polyvinyl alcohol–water as the base fluid under the influence of the source terms, such as viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating, exponential heat source, and chemical reaction of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) Jeffrey fluid flow. The non-Newtonian nanofluids have proven their great potential for heat transfer processes, which have various applications in cooling microchips, solar energy systems, and thermal energy technologies.

A novel analysis of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) non-Newtonian nanofluid blood flow incorporating CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles through a permeable walled diseased artery having irregular stenosis and an aneurysm is analyzed in this paper. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is addressed by the Casson fluid model. The effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids are calculated using the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model, which takes into account the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. The mild stenosis approximation is employed to reduce the bi-directional flow of blood to uni-directional. The blood flow is influenced by an electric field along with a magnetic field perpendicular to the blood flow. The governing mathematical equations are solved using Crank-Nicolson finite difference approach. The model has been developed and validated by comparing the current results to previously published benchmarks that are peculiar to this study. The results are utilized to investigate the impact of physical factors on momentum diffusion and heat transfer. The Nusselt number escalates with increasing CuO nanoparticle diameter and diminishing the diameter of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The relative % variation in Nusselt number enhances with Magnetic number, whereas a declining trend is obtained for the electric field parameter. The present study’s findings may be helpful in the diagnosis of hemodynamic abnormalities and the fields of nano-hemodynamics, nano-pharmacology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and blood purification systems.

Terminal heat stress has become one of the major threats due to global climate change which is significantly affecting the production and productivity of wheat crop. Therefore, it is necessary to identify key traits and genotypes to breed heat-tolerant wheat. The present study was undertaken with the objective of comparing the effects of heat stress (HSE) and extended heat stress (EHSE) on phenological-physio-biochemical traits of contrasting heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible genotypes during the reproductive phase. Phenological traits exhibited significant reduction under EHSE compared to HSE. Heat-tolerant genotypes maintained balanced phenological-physio-biochemical traits, while heat-sensitive genotypes showed significant reductions under both stress regimes. Among phenological traits, DM (R 2  = 0.52) and BY (R 2  = 0.44) have shown a positive effect on seed yield, indicating that biomass and crop duration contributed to the yield advantage under stress. During the grain filling stage, both the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll (Chl) exhibited consistently positive impacts on grain yield under both HSE and EHSE conditions. This could be attributed to the enhanced photosynthesis resulting from delayed senescence and improved assimilate remobilization under terminal heat stress. The biochemical activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was induced in tolerant genotypes under HSE. The correlation of canopy temperature with phenological-physio-biochemical traits remained static under HSE and EHSE, suggesting CT as the best selection parameter for heat tolerance. The traits showing a positive association with yield and that are less affected under stress could be used for selecting tolerant genotypes under stress environments. These tolerant genotypes can be used to develop mapping populations to decipher the genes conferring tolerance as well as to study the molecular basis of tolerance.

We investigate late-time cosmic acceleration within the framework of f ( Q ) gravity supplemented by a phenomenological nonlinear equation of state of the form p = A ρ - B ρ . Adopting a power-law ansatz f ( Q ) = γ , ( Q / Q 0 ) n , we derive analytic expressions for the energy density and Hubble function and confront the model with a combined dataset consisting of CC, SNIa, BAO, quasar, and GRB observations covering 0.106 < z < 2.33 . A Bayesian MCMC analysis constrains the parameter set H 0 , A , B , c , n and yields H 0 ≃ 71 . 6 - 1.9 + 1.0 km s - 1 Mpc - 1 for the joint sample, together with a transition redshift z tr ≈ 0.68 . Cosmographic diagnostics indicate a present-day deceleration parameter q 0 ≈ - 0.59 , with mild deviations of the jerk and snap parameters from their Λ CDM values at low redshift. Thermodynamic and causal consistency is ensured by the condition 0 ≤ c s 2 ( z ) ≤ 1 , while the matter-sector energy conditions remain satisfied up to z ∼ O ( 1 ) . A statistical comparison with the concordance model shows that the proposed f ( Q ) + nEoS scenario achieves a goodness of fit comparable to Λ CDM over the same dataset, with χ 2 min model = 255.93 versus χ 2 min Λ CDM = 260.5 and χ red 2 ≈ 0.96 for both cases. The Akaike Information Criterion yields Δ AIC ≈ 1.4 , indicating statistical equivalence with a mild preference for Λ CDM due to its smaller parameter space. Therefore, the model provides a viable description of the late-time expansion history, allowing controlled deviations from Λ CDM that modestly alleviate, though do not resolve, the H 0 tension. Several other interesting properties of a nEoS are also elucidated upon.

Noninvasive High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (NHFOV) is increasingly being adopted to reduce the need for invasive ventilation after extubation. To evaluate the benefits and harms of NHFOV as post-extubation respiratory support in newborns compared to other non-invasive respiratory support modes. We included randomized controlled trials comparing NHFOV with other non-invasive modes post-extubation in newborns. Data sources were MEDLINE (via Pubmed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WHO international clinical trials registry platform and Clinical Trial Registry, forward and backward citation search. Methodological quality of studies was assessed by Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool 1.0. This systematic review included 21 studies and 3294 participants, the majority of whom were preterm. NHFOV compared to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) reduced reintubation within seven days (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.53) after extubation. It also reduced extubation failure (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.51) and reintubation within 72 hrs (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.53), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.94) and pulmonary air leak (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.79) compared to NCPAP. The rate of reintubation within seven days (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.14) was similar whereas extubation failure (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.83) and reintubation (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.89) within 72 hrs were lower in NHFOV group compared to nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. There was no effect on other outcomes. Overall quality of the evidence was low to very low in both comparisons. NHFOV may reduce the rate of reintubation and extubation failure post-extubation without increasing complications. Majority of the trials were exclusively done in preterm neonates. Further research with high methodological quality is warranted.

Cattle are cosmopolitan in distribution. They are economically and ecologically significant. The cattle menace on the urban streets of developing and underdeveloped countries is challenging. The number of road accidents is increasing rapidly over time, in the urban areas of most of the developing countries, like India. In the present study, we estimated the population of cattle wandering on the streets/roads/highways of Raipur city of India using the direct headcount method and advanced Photographic Capture-Recapture Method (PCRCM). We compared these two methods of population estimation to check their suitability and adequacy. We superimposed 163 grids (1.0 x 1.0 km each) on the map of Raipur city using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software. We randomly selected 20 grids for the estimation of the street cattle population. We used both line transect and block count sampling techniques under the direct headcount method. The estimates of visibly roaming cattle on the Raipur city streets were 11808.45 and 11198.30 using the former and the latter sampling techniques, respectively. Further, advanced PCRCM indicated an estimated 35149.61 and 34623.20 cattle using the line transect and block counting sampling techniques, respectively. We observed a female-biased sex ratio in both mature and immature cattle. The frequency of mature cattle was significantly higher than that of naive cattle, followed by the calf. Further, we noticed the frequency of cattle in a grid in the following order: cow > bull > heifer > immature male > female calf > male calf. We concluded that the estimated population of street cattle in Raipur city is about 35 thousand. The results of both the techniques, i.e., direct headcount method and PCRCM, are consistent for population estimation. The direct headcount method yields the number of cattle visibly roaming on the street at a particular time. In contrast, advanced PCRCM gives the total population of street cattle in the city. Active surveillance of the urban cattle population might be of critical importance for municipal and city planners. A better understanding of the urban cattle population might help mitigate the cattle menace on the street, eventually preventing cattle-human conflict and minimizing road accidents. The techniques adopted in this study will also help estimate the population of free-ranging dogs and other wildlife animals in any target location.

Background Linseed is an important minor oilseed crop, which is well known for food, feed, oil, fiber, and pharmaceutical industries. The higher concentrations of omega-3 fatty acid augment their importance. Among the several productivity constraints, the linseed bud fly is a major pest that leads to severe yield loss. Limited donors are available for bud fly resistance, but deeper insight into its characterization at the gene or transcript level is not well studied. Results Identification, characterization, and expression of polygalacturonase encoding genes have been done in the present investigation. A total of 42 LusPG genes were identified in the linseed genome and grouped into two major clades and six subclades. All the genes comprise the Gluco_Hydro_28 domain, whereas two candidates consist of the LRR domain. Three domains, such as “SPNTDG”, “GDDC”, and “CGPGHG”, were found as conserved signatures. The comparative expression in linseed cultivar and one of its wild relatives demonstrated the differential layer of transcriptional regulation modulating bud fly resistance. The gene expression analysis demonstrated that the genes such as Lus10041051 , Lus10043087 , Lus10013025 , and Lus10002727 were found to be significantly regulated upon bud fly infestation. Two candidates, namely Lus10042371 and Lus10026299 , had R-gene domain along with GH28 domain, suggesting their cell wall modification and inhibitor activity. Conclusions The present study identified 42 genes in linseed, with four key genes showing potential for inhibiting bud fly feeding by altering cell walls. These findings provide a foundation for future breeding programs to enhance pest resistance in linseed crops.

Linseed, also known as flax is an important oilseed crop with many potential uses in paint, textile, food and pharmaceutical industries. Susceptibility to bud fly ( Dasyneura lini Barnes) infestation is a serious biotic concern leading to severe yield penalty in linseed. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are potential candidates that activate during the insect-pest attack and modulate the resistance. In the present study, we explored the PI candidates in the linseed genome and a total of 100 LuPI genes were identified and grouped into five distinct subgroups. The analysis of cis -acting elements revealed that almost all LuPI promoters contain several regulatory elementary related to growth and development, hormonal regulation and stress responses. Across the subfamilies of PIs, the specific domains are consistently found conserved in all protein sequences. The tissue-specific in-silico expression pattern via RNA-seq revealed that all the genes were regulated during different stress. The expression through qRT-PCR of 15 genes revealed the significant up-regulation of LuPI-24, LuPI-40, LuPI-49, LuPI-53, and LuPI-63 upon bud fly infestation in resistant genotype EC0099001 and resistant check variety Neela. This study establishes a foundation resource for comprehending the structural, functional, and evolutionary dimensions of protease inhibitors in linseed.

Articular cartilage shows limited self-healing ability owing to its low cellularity and avascularity. Untreated cartilage defects display an increased propensity to degenerate, leading to osteoarthritis (OA). During OA progression, articular chondrocytes are subjected to significant alterations in gene expression and phenotype, including a shift towards a hypertrophic-like state (with the expression of collagen type X, matrix metalloproteinases-13, and alkaline phosphatase) analogous to what eventuates during endochondral ossification. Present OA management strategies focus, however, exclusively on cartilage inflammation and degradation. A better understanding of the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype in OA might give new insights into its pathogenesis, suggesting potential disease-modifying therapeutic approaches. Recent developments in the field of cellular/molecular biology and tissue engineering proceeded in the direction of contrasting the onset of this hypertrophic phenotype, but knowledge gaps in the cause–effect of these processes are still present. In this review we will highlight the possible advantages and drawbacks of using this approach as a therapeutic strategy while focusing on the experimental models necessary for a better understanding of the phenomenon. Specifically, we will discuss in brief the cellular signaling pathways associated with the onset of a hypertrophic phenotype in chondrocytes during the progression of OA and will analyze in depth the advantages and disadvantages of various models that have been used to mimic it. Afterwards, we will present the strategies developed and proposed to impede chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage matrix mineralization/calcification. Finally, we will examine the future perspectives of OA therapeutic strategies.

Substandard and falsified medicines threaten global health and require reliable data and screening technologies to combat their spread. This study examined the quality of 241 samples containing azithromycin, cefixime, esomeprazole and losartan collected from licenced private vendors in the Saptari (121 samples; convenience sampling) and Kathmandu (120 samples; randomised sampling) districts of Nepal. Nearly 10% (24 samples; 95% CI 6.5–14.5) of samples failed pharmacopoeial quality analysis and were classified as ‘substandard’ or ‘probably substandard’. No falsified medicines were identified. Small-scale dissolution acceptance criteria were applied to all 20 three-unit combinations of 213 samples tested in the first stage of the United States Pharmacopoeia dissolution test. Approximately 1% of these results were false positives when compared with the final United States Pharmacopoeia dissolution test results, suggesting the test’s usefulness in encouraging dissolution testing in resource-limited contexts. In the narrow sense of presence/absence, two portable Raman spectrometers reliably detected azithromycin, cefixime and losartan in most samples based on effective methods for detecting falsified medicines; however, none of the substandard samples were identified. The findings suggest that falsified medicines are less prevalent in Nepal and the surrounding region than suggested by regional concerns about Nepal and global concerns about low- and middle-income countries. Nevertheless, the Nepalese government should continue to ensure the quality of all distributed medicines.